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PPQ Trigger Words Revision – December, 2016These are not answers. They are outlines that can help you write full answers. You will likely have to add your own examples to fully answer the questions. Make sure to include introductory sentences, examples with explanation of importance and conclusions. TOPIC #1 - The Peace Treaties of 1919 - 1923Who were the Big Three at Versailles and how did they get along? (4)Clemenceau, Lloyd George, WilsonDifferent views and goalsDisagreementsDissatisfiedWhat were Germany’s main territorial losses under the Treaty of Versailles? (4)Alsace and Lorraine, and Saar - FranceUpper Silesia and Posen - PolandMemel - Lithuania Danzig - ‘free city’RhinelandOverseas colonies - Togoland, Cameroon and German SW AfricaEupen-Malmeady - BelgiumNorth Schleswig - DenmarkDescribe what Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George each wanted to achieve in the peace settlement. (4)Each wanted Germany punishedClemenceau - weakened - no more war - territory - reparations - demilitarizedDL George - avoid revenge in the future - lose overseas - trade - buffer from communismWilson - 14 points - just peace - self-determination - LeagueWhy did Germany dislike the Treaty of Versailles? (6)NOT FAIR: German people231Reparations Diktat - not negotiatedFelt tricked Army - prideDefend countryNO self-determinationWhich terms of the peace settlement directly affected France? (4)Alsace and Lorraine SaarRhinelandDisarmamentReparationsLeagueWhy did the Treaty of Versailles cause problems for Germany in the years up to 1923? (6)Germany's economy1922 and 1913 - French and Belgians in the Ruhr region100,000 German protestersNo goods to trade and no money to buy thingsHyper-inflation WagesArmy - 100, 000 Germans in new countriesPolitical instability – the Weimar government formed 9 different coalitions between 1919 - 1923Harsh reparationsWhat restrictions were placed on Germany’s armaments?(4)Army - 100,000ConscriptionNo armoured vehicles or Air ForceNavy - six - no submarines - 15,000RhinelandWas the Treaty of Versailles fair? (10)Intro – Agree and DisagreeSally Marks and John Maynard KeynesFAIR:Brest-LitovskMilitary leadersEconomy - 1925Best Treaty possible - pressureGerman hypocritesGermany’s economic problems - self-inflicted NOT FAIR:German people231Reparations Diktat - not negotiatedFelt tricked Army - prideDefend countryNO self-determinationWeakened German economy was bad for allBig 3 - dissatisfiedRevengeHow far did the peace settlement satisfy the victors? Explain your answer. (10)To some extent the victors achieved goals, but overall none of them were satisfied Satisfied:Wilson’s self-determination in E. Europe - LeagueBritain - Germany’s and colonies (give examples) France - demilitarised (give example) - reparations - 231 Dissatisfied:Different objectives - none satisfiedClemenceau - not harsh enough - 1920 voted outFrance - angry Germany weakened outside of Europe (to Britain’s benefit) and kept military leaders Wilson - too harsh - revengeWilson - Britain and France never sincere (14)U.S. SenateDL George and Britain - ‘a great pity’ - another war9a. PPQ-ish Ques: Describe each of the ‘other’ four treaties. (4)Officers and diplomatsTreaty of St. Germain, 1919 – Austria lost to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland and Italy Treaty of Neuilly, 1919 – Bulgaria lost to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia; Mediterranean Sea.Treaty of Trianon, 1920 – Hungary lost to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Treaty of Sevres, 1920 – Turkey lost to Greece, and Syria put under League mandate Each - reparations, disarmament and loss of territoryTOPIC #2 - The League of Nations in the 1920s and 1930s.10. What were the aims of the League of Nations? (4)To discourage aggression from any nationTo encourage countries to co-operate, especially in business, trade and securityTo encourage nations to disarmTo improve the living and working conditions of people in all parts of the world.To promote collective securityTo uphold the Treaty of Versailles11a. Why did the USA not join the League of Nations? (6)League linked to TOV - many Americans hated the TOV (immigrants and reparations).Appalled - death and destruction - Isolationism.Worries - economic cost Some - anti-British or anti-French. Senate rejected TOV 11b. Why did some countries view the setting up of the League with suspicion? (6)42 joined - January, 1920European powers - France and Britain - white, wealthy, imperialistic and capitalistic organization.Non-Europeans - ignoredUSA, Germany and RussiaWeakened by WWI - leadership or resourcesSelf-interests - empire, trade and GermanyVery different ideas of the LeagueDouble-standards12. What prevented the League of Nations from being strong in the 1920s? (6) Membership, structure and inaction Too idealistic Dependence on Britain and France The USA, Germany and USSR ‘Good Will’ Euro-Centric Punishments No army AssemblyPCIJ ‘Teeth’ Self interests.12b. What was the role of the Assembly? (4) Met only once a year; UnanimousRecommend action - Council.Admitted new members or temporary members.BudgetDiscussed ideas - Council.Elected judges to PCIJ.12c. What was the role of the Council? (4) Council - smaller - met 5 or 6 times a year, and in emergencies. 4 permanent members Temporary members - three year terms - between 3 and 9 VetoEntrusted with solving disputes - never easy. Powers: Moral Condemnation, Sanctions and Military Force.12d. What was the role of the Commissions? (4) Mandates Commission Refugees Committee Slavery Health Committee What successes did the League of Nations have in the 1920s? (4)Prevented warAtmosphereConference of AmbassadorsAgreements - Washington Treaty of 1922, Locarno Pact of 1925, Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928Germany - 1926Disputes - Upper Silesia in 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Greece and Bulgaria, 1925Special commissions - : Refugees - Working conditions - Health - Transport - Social problemsWhat weaknesses did the League of Nations have in the 1920s? (4)Membership, structure and inactionToo idealistic Dependence on Britain and France The USA, Germany and USSR ‘Good Will’Euro-Centric Punishments No armyAssemblyPCIJ‘Teeth’Self interestsBorder disputes - self-interests (Vilna in 1920, Corfu in 1923 and Bulgaria 1925)Failed - Lithuania from taking Memel in 1923, the Russo-Polish war from 1920 – 1921Failed - disarmamentOverall, was the League of Nations successful in the 1920s? (10)Use the examples from numbers 12, 13 and 14.How did the League of Nations deal with Japan over the Manchurian crisis? (6)1931 - SeptemberDelayLytton Commission - December 1932 - September - report Condemned Japan42 to 1 - Assembly Discussed sanctions - USABritainBanning arms sales - no agreementEscalateBritain and France - so farUSA and USSR - resourcesLeague failedHow did the League of Nation deal with Italy over the Abyssinian crisis? (6)1935 - OctoberBritish - France - seriousnessAlly - Stresa Pact1936 - September - plan for AbyssiniaIdeally placedLeague sanctions - banned (arms sales, loans, imports, rubber, tin and metals)Oil sales - AmericansSanctions hurt members’ interests (British coal)Suez CanalThe Hoare-Laval plan Abyssinian crisis was a disasterWas Disarmament a success for the League of Nations? (10)1921 - Washington Conference1926 - draft resolutionPromise of a more peaceful world (Locarno and Kellogg–Briand Pact)1930s - militarism and Manchurian crisisFebruary 1932 - July 1932 - resolutionsEnforce??? Principle of equality - Hitler - rearming 1934 Reasons: not serious - Britain and France - TOV - 1935What factors demonstrate that the League was a failure in the 1930s? (4)MembershipStructurePunishments OTHER EXAMPLES:DisarmamentManchuriaAbyssiniaSelf-interests - British and German naval agreement of 1935Stresa Pact, 1935Franco-Soviet Pact, 1935Hoare-LavalRhinelandAppeasementHow far can the failure of the League be blamed on the Depression? Explain your answer. (10)Yes: Depression (Wall Street) caused economic problems.Damaged trade and industry Affected relations between countries - adopted aggressive foreign policies. Political changes - Germany, Italy and Japan Optimism and momentum lostOther reasons the League failed:Self-interests Membership Structure - Punishments - Lack of Troops - Decisions were slow - TreatiesTOPIC #3 - The Collapse of International Peace What were Hitler’s main foreign policy goals? (4)Mein KampfAbolish the Treaty of Versailles Expand German Territory - LebensraumDefeat CommunismDescribe the importance of the Saar plebiscite. (4)Border with FranceMandate - 15Plebiscite - 90%Overwhelming victoryDescribe the steps Hitler took during the 1930s up to invasion of Poland in September 1939. (6)1933 - ChancellorStalled Disarmament Conference - ‘principle of equality’Pulled out - LON1935 - rearmament rallyNaval agreement with Britain - 35% ConscriptionRhinelandSpanish Civil war - 1936Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan (1936) and Italy (1937) - Axis AllianceAnschlussMunich Agreement - SudetenlandInvaded CzechoslovakiaNazi-Soviet Pact - August 24, 1939Invaded Poland - September 1, 1939Were Britain and France surprised when Italy and Germany signed the Rome-Berlin Axis? Explain. (10)SURPRISED:SHOCKED! Signed in 1937Ally against HitlerAppeased Mussolini for yearsAustria, 1934Stresa Pact, 1935 Appeased Mussolini over Abyssinia (Hoare-Laval agreement)NOT SURPRISED:Mussolini always acted out of aggressive self-interestsBritain and France had appeased Italy and let him take Abyssinia and Corfu.'Watchdog'Made war more likelyLack of respect for Britain and FranceShowed them how 'powerful' and 'persuasive' Hitler could be.Describe the events that led to the Anschluss? (6) TOV - separated Germany and Austria‘Mein Kampf’ realised1934 - stopped by MussoliniRhineland - ‘confidence’1937 - Rome - Berlin AxisHitler pressures SchuschniggBritain and France reject Schuschnigg - unwilling to accept warPlebiscite called and Hitler ‘manipulated’ outcome 99.75%Hitler - regained land, natural resources and troops (without using force)Why did Britain and France permit the Anschluss? (6)Anschluss = political union, 1938Not willing to go to war over Austria, or defend TOVBritain’s Lord Halifax suggested AnschlussFrance was not prepared to act alonePolicy of Appeasement and other prioritiesWhat was the Munich Agreement? (4)Britain, France, Germany and Italy - September 29, 1938 - SudetenlandClaims of mistreatment - Hitler vowed to protectChamberlain suggested a plebisciteCzech government nor USSRChamberlain - ‘peace in our time’ InvadedStalin watched carefullyWhy was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important? (6)August 24, 1939PolandStalin’s worries - Germany, Britain and FranceHitler - fight on one frontMade an attack on France and Britain more likelyStalin - gains timeMade war more likely - defend PolandSeptember 1, 3, 17, 1939.The Policy of appeasement was justified. How far do you agree with this statement? (10)JUSTIFIEDBritain and France worried more about Communism - Hitler was a buffer Britain’s empireLeaders did not want responsibility - horrorsBritish and French needed time to remilitarizeStill recovering from depression - other prioritiesTOV was flawedUSANOT JUSTIFIEDEncouraged Hitler - aggressive and confidentGermany grew too strongScared USSR - Nazi-Soviet PactTrusted Hitler Obvious - Mein Kampf Hitler was gambler rather than a planner in foreign affairs. Do you agree? Explain. (10)Hitler was both.GAMBLERMarch 1936 - Rhineland Broke TOVRearmamentAustria - 1934 - failed but was willing to see how other would react.Random steps - Spanish Civil WarForced the AnschlussHe gambled over the SudetenlandPLANNERReal intentions - Mein Kampf He would ask for more Hitler was careful with TOV - focused on German aspects and not British and French interests.Depression and political climate in Germany Clever - Rome-Berlin Axis – 1937 Took small risks at the beginning How far was the Treaty of Versailles to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? (10)There were many events that could be blamed for the outbreak of war. RearmamentHitler actions. He took Germany out of the League of Nations. Began rearming Germany.The Policy Of appeasementThe policies caused by the peace treaties.The Nazi Soviet Pact.The Failures of the League of Nations.The Depression and Political ConsequencesThe flawed Treaty of Versailles ................
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