PHYSICS S6 - Rwanda Education Board

[Pages:196]PHYSICS S6

TEACHER'S GUIDE

JANUARY 2019

Copyright ? 2019 Rwanda Education Board

All rights reserved.

This document is the property of Rwanda Education Board.

FOREWORD

Dear teacher,

Rwanda Education Board is honoured to present Senior 6 Physics teacher`s guide which serves as a guide to competence-based teaching and learning to ensure consistency and coherence in the learning of the entrepreneurship subject. The Rwandan educational philosophy is to ensure that learners achieve full potential at every level of education which will prepare them to be well integrated in society and exploit employment opportunities.

?? In line with efforts to improve the quality of education, the government of Rwanda emphasizes the importance of aligning teaching and learning materials with the syllabus to facilitate their learning process. Many factors influence what they learn, how well they learn and the competences they acquire. Those factors include the relevance of the specific content, the quality of teachers' pedagogical approaches, the assessment strategies and the instructional materials available. We paid special attention to the activities that facilitate the learning process in which learners can develop ideas and make new discoveries during concrete activities carried out individually or with peers. With the help of the teachers, learners will gain appropriate skills and be able to apply what they have learnt in real life situations. Hence, they will be able to develop certain values and attitudes allowing them to make a difference not only to their own life but also to the nation.

This is in contrast to traditional learning theories which view learning mainly as a process of acquiring knowledge from the more knowledgeable who is mostly the teacher. In competence-based curriculum, learning is considered as a process of active building and developing of knowledge and understanding, skills and values and attitude by the learner where concepts are mainly introduced by an activity, situation or scenario that helps the learner to construct knowledge, develop skills and acquire positive attitudes and values.

In addition, such active learning engages learners in doing things and thinking about the things they are doing and they are encouraged to bring their own real experiences and knowledge into the learning processes. In view of this, your role is to:

?? Plan your lessons and prepare appropriate teaching materials.

?? Organize group discussions for learners considering the importance of social constructivism suggesting that learning occurs more effectively when the learner works collaboratively with more knowledgeable and experienced people.

?? Engage learners through active learning methods such as inquiry methods, group discussions, research, investigative activities and group and individual work activities.

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?? Provide supervised opportunities for learners to develop different competences by giving tasks which enhance critical thinking, problem solving, research, creativity and innovation, communication and cooperation.

?? Support and facilitate the learning process by valuing learners' contributions in the class activities.

?? Guide learners towards the harmonization of their findings.

?? Encourage individual, peer and group evaluation of the work done in the classroom and use appropriate competence-based assessment approaches and methods.

To facilitate you in your teaching activities, the content of this teacher`s guide is selfexplanatory so that you can easily use it. It is divided in 3 parts:

The part 1:Explains the structure of this book and gives you the methodological guidance;

The part 2: Gives the sample lesson plans as reference for your lesson planning process; The part 3: Provides details the teaching guidance for each concept given in the student

book. Even though this teacher`s guide contains the answers for all activities given in the learner's book, you are requested to work through each question and activity before judging learner's findings.

I wish to sincerely appreciate all people who contributed towards the development of this teacher`s guide, particularly REB staff who organized the whole process from its inception. Special gratitude goes to the University of Rwanda which provided experts in design and layout services, illustrations and image anti-plagiarism, lecturers and teachers who diligently worked to successful completion of this book. Any comment or contribution would be welcome for the improvement of this textbook for the next edition.

Dr. NDAYAMBAJE Ir?n?e

Director General of REB

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my appreciation to all the people who played a major role in development of this Physics textbook for senior six. It would not have been successful without active participation of different education stakeholders. I owe gratitude to different Universities and schools in Rwanda that allowed their staff to work with REB in the in-house textbooks production project. I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to lecturers, teachers and all other individuals whose efforts in one way or the other contributed to the success of writing of this textbook. Special acknowledgement goes to the University of Rwanda which provided experts in design and layout services, illustrations and image anti-plagiarism. Finally, my word of gratitude goes to the Rwanda Education Board staff particularly those from the Curriculum, Teaching and Learning Resources department (CTLR) who were involved from inception tothe completion of the whole process of in-house textbook writing.

Joan MURUNGI,

Head of Department Head of Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning Resources

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

PART I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 1.0. About the teacher's guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 1.1. The structure of the guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 1.2. Methodological guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

UNIT 1: SOUND WAVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Key Unit Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.4 Guidance on the introductory activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.6 Summary of the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.7 Additional information: Properties of sound waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.8 End Unit Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

UNIT 2: CLIMATE CHANGE AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3

2.1 Key Unit Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5 List of Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.6 Summary of the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.7 Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.8 End of Unit Assessment answers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

UNIT 3: APPLICATION OF PHYSICS IN AGRICULTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9 3.1 Key Unit Competence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.5 List of lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.6 Unit Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.7 Additional Information: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.8 End unit assessment answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

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UNIT4: EARTHQUAKE, LANDSLIDE, TSUNAMI, FLOODS AND CYCLONE.. . . . . 9 3

4.1 Key Unit Competence:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 4.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.3 Cross Cutting Issues to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.4 Guidance on introductory activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4.5 List of Lesson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

UNIT 5: ATOMIC NUCLEI AND ADIOACTIVE DECAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 5

5.1 Key Unit Competence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.5 List of lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.6 Summary of the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.7 Additional information for teacher:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.8 End Unit Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

UNIT6:APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBER IN TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1

6.1 Key Unit Competence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.5 List of lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.6 Summary of the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.7 Additional information for the teacher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.8 End unit assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

UNIT 7: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TELECOMMUNICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 5

7.1 Key unit competence:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7. 2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 7.5 List of Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7. 6 Summary of the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7.7 Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.8 End Unit Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.9 Additional activities (Questions and Answers). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

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UNIT 8: NATURE OF PARTICLES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 5

8.1 Key unit competence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8. 2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8.5 List of Lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 8. 6 Summary of the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.7 Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.8 End unit assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.9 Additional activities (Questions and Answers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

UNIT 9: PROPERTIES AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF QUARKS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 3

9.1 Key Unit Competence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 9.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 9.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 9.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 9.5 List of lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 9.6 Unit summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.7 Additional information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 9.8 End unit assessment solution (2 periods). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 9.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

UNIT 10: EFFECT OF X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 1

10.1 Key Unit Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 10.5 List of lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 10. 6 Unit Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.7 Additional information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.8 End unit assessment solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 10.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

UNIT 11: EFFECTS OF LASERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 3

11.1 Key Unit Competence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 11.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 11.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 11.4 Guidance on the introductory activity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

11.5 List of lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 11.6 Summary of the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 11.7 Additional Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 11.8 End of Unit Assessment answers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 11.9 Additional activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

UNIT 12: MEDICAL IMAGING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 7

12.1 Key Unit Competence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 12.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 12.3. Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 12.4 Guidance on the introductory activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 2.5 List of Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 12.6 SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 12.7 Additional information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 12. 8 End unit assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

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12.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

UNIT 13: RADIATION AND MEDICINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 7

13.1 Key Unit Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 13.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 13.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 13.4 List of lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 13.6 Unit Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 13.7 Additional Information:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 13.8 End unit assessment answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Part III: Essay Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 1

UNIT 14: COSMOLOGY, GALAXIES AND EXPENSION OF UNIVERSE. . . . . . . . . 3 4 7

4.1 Key Unit Competence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 14.2 Prerequisite knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 14.3 Cross-Cutting Issues to be addressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 14.4 Guidance on the introductory activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 14.5 List of lessons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 4. 6 Unit Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 14.7 Additional information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 14.8 End unit assessment solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 14.9 Additional activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

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PART I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0. About the teacher's guide This book is designed to accompany senior six Physics student's book and intends to help teachers in the implementation of competence-based curriculum specifically Physics syllabus.

It guides teachers when preparing lessons. Teachers are encouraged to be more creative during preparation of lessons based on the specific learning areas.

1.1. The structure of the guide This section presents the overall structure, the unit and sub-heading structure to help teachers to understand the different sections of this guide and what they will find in each section.

Overall structure The whole guide has three main parts as follows:

?? Part I: General Introduction. This part provides general guidance on how to develop the generic competences, how to integrate cross cutting issues, how to cater for learners with special educational needs, active learning methods and techniques of teaching Physics and guidance on assessment.

?? Part II:Sample lesson plan This part provides a sample lesson plan, developed and designed to help the teacher develop their own lesson plans.

?? Part III:Unit development This is the core part of the guide. Each unit is developed following the structure below. The guide ends with references.

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Structure of a unit

Each unit is made of the following sections:

?? Unit title: from the syllabus

?? Key unit competence: from the syllabus

?? Prerequisites (knowledge, skills, attitudes and values)

This section indicates knowledge, skills and attitudes required for the success of the unit. The competence-based approach calls for connections between units within a subject and interconnections between different subjects. The teacher will find an indication of those prerequisites and guidance on how to establish connections.

?? Cross-cutting issues to be addressed

This section suggests cross cutting issues that can be integrated depending on the unit content. It provides guidance on how to come up with the integration of the issue. Note that the issue indicated is a suggestion; teachers are free to take another crosscutting issue taking into consideration the learning environment.

?? Guidance on the introductory activity :

Each unit starts with an introductory activity in the learner's book. This section of the teacher's guide provides guidance on how to conduct an activity and the corresponding answers. Note that learners may not be able to find the right solution but they are invited to suggest possible solutions. Solutions are provided by learners gradually through discovery activities organized at the beginning of lessons or during the lesson.

?? List of lessons/sub-heading

This section presents in a table suggestion on the list of lessons, lesson objectives copied or adapted from the syllabus and duration for each lesson. Each lesson /subheading is then developed.

Note

?? Time can vary depending on your timetable and Nature of your class. ?? Depending on the size of your class, be flexible on the method to use. Do not

stick on the suggested method in this book.

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?? End of each unit

At the end of each unit, teacher's guide provides the following sections:

?? Summary of the unit which provides the key points of content developed in the student's book.

?? Additional information which provides additional content compared to the student's book for the teacher to have a deeper understanding of the topic.

?? End unit assessment which provides the answers to questions of end unit assessment in the textbook and suggests additional questions and related answers to assess the key unit competence.

?? Additional activities: remedial, consolidation and extended activities). The purpose of these activities is to accommodate each learner (slow, average and gifted) based onend unit assessment results.

Structure of each sub heading

Each lesson/sub-heading is made of the following sections:

Lesson Sub heading title 1:

?? Prerequisites/Revision/Introduction:

This section gives a clear instruction to teacher on how to start the lesson

?? Teaching resources

This section suggests the teaching aids or other resources needed in line with the activities to achieve the learning objectives. Teachers are encouraged to replace the suggested teaching aids by the available ones in their respective schools and based on learning environment.

?? Learning activities

This section provides a short description of the methodology and any important aspect to consider. It provides also answers to learning activities with cross reference to text book:

?? Exercises/application activities

This provides questions and answers for exercises/ application activities/

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1.2. Methodological guidance

1.2.1 Developing competences

Teachers are responsible for knowledge transfer and fostering student's learning achievement, and creating safe and supportive learning environment. It implies that a learner has to demonstrate what he/she is able to do using the knowledge, skills, values and attitude acquired in the learning process.

The competence-based curriculum employs an approach of teaching and learning based on discrete skills rather than dwelling on only knowledge or the cognitive domain of learning. It focuses on what learner can do rather than what learners know. Learners develop basic competences through specific subject unit competences with specific learning objectives broken down into knowledge, skills and attitudes. These competences are developed through learning activities performed by learners and evaluated based on set standards or criteria.

In addition to specific subject competences, learners develop generic competences which are transferable throughout a range of learning areas and situations in life. Below are examples of terms developing generic competences in Physics?

Generic

Examples of terms used in developing activities that

competence develop generic competences

Critical thinking

?? Research and discuss ?? Compare and contrast exercises ?? Observe, record, interpret ?? Debate..... ?? Make basic science equipment out of locally available

materials

Research and Problem solving

?? Use the internet ?? Use a library ?? Create a school library ?? Collect data through observation and recording ?? Identify a problem and design a methodology to collect the

information needed to solve the problem

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Innovation and creativity

?? Create an experiment to prove a concept ?? Invent new ways of doing traditional things ?? Develop a graph to illustrate information ?? Create a flow chart to show the main stages in a process ?? Design a data collection survey/questionnaire ?? Conduct experiments with objectives, methodology,

observations, results, conclusions ?? Make hypotheses and identify ways to test them ?? Identify local problems and ways to resolve them

Cooperation, Personal and Interpersonal management and life skills

?? Work individually ?? Work in Pairs ?? Small group work ?? Large Group Work

Communication

?? Present Ideas - verbally, in writing, graphically, digitally

?? Set out pros and cons

?? Argue a Case ? verbally, in writing, graphically (compare and contrast), digitally

?? Observe, Record, Interpret the results of a measurement accurately.

?? Select and use appropriate formats and presentations, such as tables, graphs and diagrams.

?? Organise and present a complete report in a clear and logical form using spelling, punctuation and grammar with an acceptable degree of accuracy.

?? Report accurately and concisely.

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Lifelong learning

?? Take initiative to update knowledge and skills with minimum external support.

?? Cope with the evolution of knowledge and technology advances for personal fulfilment

?? Seek out acquaintances more knowledgeable in areas that need personal improvement and development

?? Exploit all opportunities available to improve on knowledge and skills.

1.2.2 Addressing cross cutting issues

The integration of cross cutting issues is an integral part of the teaching and learning process that are appropriately addressed within subjects. The eight cross cutting issues identified in the national curriculum framework are: genocide studies, environment and sustainability, gender, Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE), Peace and Values Education, Financial Education, standardization Culture and Inclusive Education.

Some of the cross cutting issues are specific to particular learning areas or subjects but the teacher is encouraged to address a cross cutting within the learning process where possible. In addition, learners should always be given an opportunity during the learning process to address these cross cutting issues both within and out of the classroom so as to progressively develop related attitudes and values.

Below are examples of statements that identify key points in setting examples addressing crosscutting issues in Physics:

Cross-cutting issue Inclusive education

Gender

Examples of key points needed in setting examples that integrates cross-cutting issues

All activities and exercises in physics should be done in such way that they are diverse and cater ones background and abilities.

All students should have equal responsibilities while planning and performing activities. There is a tendency of girls being left to clean places where practical have been done. This should be avoided.

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