Programming and Problem Solving Through C Language
Programming and Problem Solving
Through ¡®C¡¯ Language
Programming and
Problem Solving
Through ¡®C¡¯ Language
M3 - R4
STRICTLY AS PER NEW DOEACC SYLLABUS
RAMESH BANGIA
B.Sc., Dip. Comp. Sc. (IIT D)
Formerly: Incharge Computer Centre,
Hindustan Copper Limited, New Delhi
Ex. Managing Editor: Software Today
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Contents
Contents
IX
1. Introduction to Programming ............................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
The Basic Model of Computation ....................................................................................................... 1
Problem Solving .................................................................................................................................. 2
Algorithms .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Flow-Charts ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Programming Languages .................................................................................................................. 20
Compilation ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Linking and Loading ......................................................................................................................... 26
Testing and Debugging .................................................................................................................... 26
Documentation ................................................................................................................................. 31
2. Algorithms for Problem Solving ........................................................................................ 39
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
Exchanging Values of Two Variables ................................................................................................. 39
Summation of a Set of Numbers ........................................................................................................ 40
Decimal Base to Binary Base Conversion ......................................................................................... 40
Reversing Digits of an Integer .......................................................................................................... 42
GOD (Greatest Common Divisor) of Two Numbers ........................................................................... 43
Test Whether a Number is Prime ....................................................................................................... 44
Organize Numbers in Ascending Order ............................................................................................ 44
Find Square Root of a Number .......................................................................................................... 45
Factorial Computation ...................................................................................................................... 47
Fibonacci Sequence .......................................................................................................................... 48
Evaluate ¡®Sin x¡¯ as Sum of a Series .................................................................................................... 48
Reverse Order of Elements of an Array ............................................................................................. 49
Find Largest Number in an Array ...................................................................................................... 49
Print Elements of Upper Triangular Matrix ........................................................................................ 50
Evaluate a Polynomial ....................................................................................................................... 50
Multiplication of Two Matrices ........................................................................................................ 51
3. Introduction to ¡®C¡¯ Language ............................................................................................. 54
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Character set ..................................................................................................................................... 54
Variables and identifiers .................................................................................................................... 56
Built-in Data Types ........................................................................................................................... 58
Variable Definition ............................................................................................................................ 64
Arithmetic operators ......................................................................................................................... 64
Expressions ....................................................................................................................................... 70
Constants and Literals ...................................................................................................................... 72
Simple Assignment Statement .......................................................................................................... 75
Basic Input/Output Statement .......................................................................................................... 75
4. Conditional Statements and Loops .................................................................................... 89
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
Decision Making within a Program ................................................................................................... 89
Conditions and Relational Operators ................................................................................................ 89
Logical Connectives ......................................................................................................................... 90
If statement ....................................................................................................................................... 90
If-else statement ............................................................................................................................... 95
Loops ............................................................................................................................................... 103
While loop ....................................................................................................................................... 104
Do while ...........................................................................................................................................107
For loops ..........................................................................................................................................109
Nested Loops .................................................................................................................................. 113
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