LIS 488 - New York University



LIS 488

Seminar in Advanced Issues in Archival Science

Theoretical, Philosophical, Political and Cultural Aspects of Visual Materials in Archives

A. Gilliland-Swetland

Spring 1999

Office hours:

9:00-12:00 p.m. Tuesdays, 212 GSE&IS Building, or call: (310) 206-4687 for an appointment. E-mail: Swetland@ucla.edu

Class meeting times:

1:00-4:00 p.m. Tuesdays.

Description

In-depth examination and evaluation of the theory base, social and cultural contexts, and political issues associated with the conceptualization, evaluation, role, and management of historical and contemporary visual materials in archives.

Topics to be covered include:

• What are the issues involved in making visual materials persist over time? How do we decide which materials should persist over time?

• How do intellectual property issues affect preservation, access, and use of visual materials? (e.g., the implications of the millenium copyright bill?)

• As the digital world moves toward multiple uses and viewing works from different angles, how does this affect notions of context and its preservation of visual materials?

What challenges do visual materials pose for representation (e.g., cataloging, description) in terms of facets described, collection vs. item-level, provenance vs. subject-based access, and controlled vs. uncontrolled vocabularies?

• How do digital objects challenge traditional archival notions of evidence? Can ways be found to authenticate digital works, and track provenance and versioning?

• How do reformatting and multiple formats of the same work change how we look at a work? (e.g., are videos the same as films? Are digital photographs the same as analog photos?)

• Is there a social context to viewing an object? (is viewing a video at home the same as viewing a film in a theater? Is viewing a mural on a screen the same as viewing it in-situ?)

• Who attributes value to a work, and under what circumstances? How does one deal with the different values that different communities may have towards any particular set of works?

• Are there ethical considerations in format conversions (e.g., film colorization, pan-and-scan?)

Expectations:

Students are expected to read widely based on the suggested readings as well as those relevant to their own seminar paper topic. They should be prepared to discuss readings in class and present progress reports on their own work for comment by the rest of the class. Critical and original thinking, oral and written presentation skills, and class participation will be important components of this class and will be graded accordingly. Seminar papers should conform to the seminar paper guidelines distributed in class and must be turned into the instructor by the due date.

Readings:

Students are expected to read widely based on the attached list of required and suggested readings, as well as literature they have located themselves that is relevant to their seminar topic. Specific readings may be assigned for given class meetings, either by the instructor or by the students making class presentations on their seminar topic.

Assignments and grading:

General class participation and presentation on seminar topic (20%) (date as assigned in class)

Critique of UB-Berkeley student projects (20%) (due in class, May 11)

Seminar paper (60%) (due in class, June 8)

Course Schedule:

Students will be expected to construct a personal profile before the first week of class.

Week 1:

Choosing, selecting, appraising, capturing, documenting, excavating visual materials for archival collections.

Readings:

Questions to think about as you read:

Week 2:

Preservation issues for traditional visual formats. Conscious and unconscious preservation management. How community values, societal pressures, and market imperatives affect preservation. How evidence comes to remain and how much does posterity need?

Readings:

Questions to think about as you read:

Which communities think what needs to survive?

Week 3:

Preservation issues for digital visual formats, both native and reformatted. Issues of digital longevity. New techniques – emulation, bundling, bonding, Digital Rosetta Stones, etc.. Preservation of evidence vs. information. Preservation of the artifact or the essence? Version control.

Readings:

Questions to think about as you read:

What are the preservation implications of widespread distributed computing?

Week 4:

Issues of representation. What are different professional descriptive paradigms? What works and does not work with visual materials, and when? Which communities need materials described in which ways? How does description serve the “physical and mora; defence of the materials,” i.e., support authentication, collectivity, custodial, and preservation ends as well as access? How might this differ across archival, museum, and library communities?

Readings:

Questions to think about as you read:

Week 5:

UCB student project presentations and class discussion

Week 6-10:

UCLA student seminar paper topic presentations.

Each week 2-3 students will make presentations and lead class discussions based on their seminar paper topic. At least one week in advance, students will supply the other students in the class, as well as the instructor, with 2 readings that are central to their paper topic; as well as a set of questions the students should be considering as they read. These readings, together with the questions, will be used to focus discussion around the presentor’s paper topic. Students are also expected to provide critical feedback to the presentor on his/her topic and work to date.

Required Readings

Benjamin, Walter. Illuminations, New York : Schocken Books, 1969.

Bettig, Ronald V. Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996. (especially Chapter 6, "The Law of Intellectual Property: The Videocassette Recorder and the Control of Copyrights").

MacLean, Margaret and Ben H. Davis (eds.), Time and Bits: Managing Digital Continuity, Los Angeles: Getty Information Institute and Getty Conservation Institute, 1998.

Suggested Readings

Dertouzos, Michael L. What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives. San Francisco: HarperEdge, 1997.

Gandy, Oscar H. The panoptic sort: a political economy of personal information, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.

Graubard, Stephen R. and Paul LeClerc (eds.) Books, Bricks, and Bytes: Libraries in the Twenty-First Century. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998.

Lardner, James. Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987).

Lawrence Dowler (ed.). Gateways to Knowledge: The Role of Academic Libraries in Teaching, Learning, and Research. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997, 151-168

Litan, Robert E. Going Digital: A Guide to Policy in the Digital Age, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1998.

Marlow, Eugene, and Eugene Secunda. Shifting Time and Space: The Story of Videotape (New York: Praeger, 1991). See Chapter 6, "The Home Video Market," especially pp. 121-128.

McChesney, Robert W., Ellen Meiksins Wood, and John Bellamy Foster (eds.). Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998.

Mosco, Vincent. and Janet Wasko (eds.). The Political economy of information, Madison, Wis.:

University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

Nye, David E. Narratives and Spaces: Technology and the Construction of American Culture. New

York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

Pavlik, John V. New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives, Second Edition.

Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1998.

Peek, Robin P. and Gregory B. Newby (eds.). Scholarly Publishing: The Electronic Frontier.

Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996

Porter, David (ed.). Internet Culture. New York: Routledge, 1996, 201-218.

Sanders, Barry. A is for ox: the collapse of literacy and the rise of violence in an electronic age. New

York: Vintage Books, 1994.

Schiller, Herbert I. Culture, Inc.: The corporate takeover of American expression, New York: Oxford

University Press, 1989.

Shenk, David. Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut. Revised and Updated. New York:

HarperEdge, 1997.

Slack, Jennifer Daryl and Fred Fejes (eds.). The Ideology of the Information Age, New Jersey: Ablex

Publishing Corporation, 1987.

Wasko, Janet. Hollywood in the Information Age: Beyond the Silver Screen (Austin, TX: University

of Texas Press): 1995.

Webster, Frank. Theories of the Information Society, New York: Routledge, 1995.

Wresch, William. Disconnected: Have and Have-Nots in the Information Age. New Brunswick, New

Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1996.

Additional Readings

Readings will be selected from among the following. You will not be expected to read all of these, but

you will be exposed to ideas from many of these in class.

Digital Libraries

Lesk, Michael. Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes & Bucks, San Francisco: Morgan

Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1997.

D-Lib Magazine (important articles on Digital Libraries)

Image Distribution Projects and Evaluation

Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO), Art Museum Directors' Association

Black Star stock photos

Image Directory by Academic Press

Besser, Howard. Adding an Image Database to an Existing Library and Computer Environment:

Design and Technical Considerations, in Susan Stone and Michael Buckland (eds.), Studies

in Multimedia (Proceedings of the 1991 Mid-Year Meeting of the American Society for

Information Science), Medford, NJ: Learned Information, Inc, 1992, pages 31-45

Howard Besser's Image Database Links

Corbis Media

Mellon Grant to UCB to study the costs and benefits of networked distribution of digital

museum information for educational use as part of the Museum Educational Site

Licensing Project

Muse, West Stock Photo Agency

Museum Digital Licensing Consortium (MDLC), American Association of Museums

Museum Educational Site Licensing Project

Publishers Depot, Picture Network International (PNI), now owned by Kodak

Critical Theory & Technology

Adbusters

Dertouzos, Michael L. What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives.

SanFrancisco: HarperEdge, 1997.

Bad Subjects Production Team. A Manifesto for Bad Subjects in Cyberspace, Bad Subjects, #18,

Jan 1995

Balsamo, Anne Marie. Technologies of the gendered body: reading cyborg women, Durham:

Duke University Press, 1996.

Besser, Howard. A Clash of Cultures on the Internet Op Ed piece appearing in San Francisco

Chronicle August 25, 1994

Besser, Howard. Elements of Consciousness, (unpublished excerpt from dissertation), Berkeley,

1988

Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York : Noonday Press, c1972 (1990 printing).

Brook, James and Iain Boal. Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information,

San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1995.

Cherny, Lynn and Elizabeth Reba Weise. Wired women: gender and new realities in cyberspace,

Seattle: Seal Press, 1996.

Davis, Jim, Thomas A. Hirschl and Michael Stack (eds.). Cutting Edge: Technology, Information

Capitalism and Social Revolution, New York: Verso, 1997.

Debord, Guy. Society of the spectacle, Detroit : Black & Red, 1983.

Edwards, Paul E. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War

American, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Frank, Thomas. The Conquest of the Cool, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Gibson, William. Neuromancer, New York: Ace Books, 1984.

Graham, Stephen. Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban places, New York:

Routledge, 1996.

Gray, Chris Habels. The cyborg handbook, New York: Routledge, 1995.

Kling, Rob (ed.). Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices, San

Diego: Academic Press, 1996.

Kling, Rob and Tom Jewett Teaching Social Issues of Computing (guide)

Kroker, Arthur and Michael A. Weinstein. Data Trash: The Theory of the Virtual Class. New

York: St. Martin's, 1994.

Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the InfoBahn, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1995

Porter, David (ed.). Internet Culture, New York: Routledge, 1997.

Poster, Mark. CyberDemocracy: Internet and the Public Sphere, 1995

Postman, Neil. Technopoly: the surrender of Culture to Technology, New York: Knopf, 1992.

Postman, Neil. Conscientious Objections: Stirring Up Trouble About Language, Technology, and

Education. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.

Robertson, George. FutureNatural: nature, science, culture, New York: Routledge, 1996.

Robins, Kevin. Into the Image: Culture and politics in the field of vision, London: Routledge,

1996

Rochlin, Gene I. Trapped in the net : the unanticipated consequences of computerization

Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997

Ronell, Avital. The telephone book: technology--schizophrenia--electric speech, Lincoln:

University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

Roszak, Theodore. The Cult of Information: The Folklore of Computers and the True Art of Thinking.

New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. Sardar, Zia and Jerry Ravetz. Cyberfutures: Culture and

Politics on the Information Highway, London: Pluto Press, 1996

Sheff, David. Game Over: How Nintendo has enslaved your children, captured your dollars &

zapped the competition & why it has Apple, Sony, & IBM running scared, New York: Random

House,1993.

Shenk, David. Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut. Revised and Updated. New York:

HarperEdge, 1997. Springer, Claudia. Electronic eros : bodies and desire in the postindustrial

age, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identity in the

Age of the Internet, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Stone, Allucquere Rosanne. The war of desire and technology at the close of the mechanical age,

Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995 Poster, Mark. CyberDemocracy: Internet and the Public Sphere, 1995

Ullman, Ellen. Close to the Machine: Technophilia and its Discontents, San Francisco: City

Lights Books, 1997.

Virilio, Paul. The art of the motor, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

Webster, Frank. Theories of the Information Society, New York: Routledge, 1995.

Zerzan, John and Alice Carnes (eds). Questioning technology : tool, toy or tyrant?, Philadelphia:

New Society Publishers, 1991.

Political Economy

Political Eoncomy Readings from Besser's Fall 1998 Impact class

Barlow, John Perry. "The Economy of Ideas." Wired (March 1994), 84-90, 126-129.

Gandy, Oscar H. The panoptic sort: a political economy of personal information, Boulder, CO:

Westview, 1993.

McChesney, Robert W., Ellen Meiksins Wood, and John Bellamy Foster (eds.). Capitalism and the

Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution, New York: Monthly

Review Press, 1998.

Mosco, Vincent. and Janet Wasko (eds.). The Political economy of information, Madison, Wis.:

University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

Slack, Jennifer Daryl and Fred Fejes (eds.). The Ideology of the Information Age, New Jersey: Ablex

Publishing Corporation, 1987.

Webster, Frank. Theories of the Information Society, New York: Routledge, 1995.

Wresch, William. Disconnected: Have and Have-Nots in the Information Age. New Brunswick, New

Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1996.

Public Policy Issues

American Civil Liberties Union not yet online

Benton Foundation. Communication Policy Project, (assorted public policy links)

Boyle, James. Shamans, Software, and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information

Society, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Press, 1996.

Coyle, Karen. Coyle's Information Highway Handbook: A Practical File on the New

Information Order, Chicago: American Library Association, 1997

Electronic Frontier Foundation, various publications

Free Radio Berkeley

Rezmierski, Virginia E. Ethics and Values Dilemmas in Use of Information Technology: Policy

Implications for Institutions of Higher Learning, (class taught at University of Michigan)

Sclove, Richard E. Democracy and Technology, New York: Guilford Press, 1995.

Litan, Robert E. Going Digital: A Guide to Policy in the Digital Age, Washington, D.C.: The

Brookings Institute, 1998.

Economics of the New Information Infrastructure

de Long, J. Bradford and A. Michael Froomkin. The Next Economy?

()

Goldhaber, Michael. Principles of the New Economy (the Attention Economy)

Litan, Robert E. Going Digital: A Guide to Policy in the Digital Age, Washington, D.C.: The

Brookings Institute, 1998.

Santos, Michael. The Internet and Privatization: A Critical Political Economy Perspective

Schickele, Sandra. The Economic Case for Public Subsidy of the Internet

Workshop on Internet Economics March 9-10, 1995 Research Program on

Communications Policy; MIT Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial

Development

Copyright

Arbus, Steve. Free Expression, Copyright, and Democracy, links and talk given at UC

Berkeley Ethics and the Internet 11/95 conference

Copyright writings, assorted papers and pointers

Bettig, Ronald V. Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property

(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996). (especially Chapter 6, "The Law of Intellectual

Property: The Videocassette Recorder and the Control of Copyrights").

Boyle, James, Shamans, Software, and Spleens: Law and The Construction of the Information

Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.

Breyer, Stephen, "The Uneasy Case for Copyright: A Study of Copyright in Books,

Photocopies and Computer Programs." 84 Harvard Law Review 281-351, 1976.

Granick, Jennifer. ’Scotty, Beam Down the Lawyers!’ When free speech collides with

trademark law, Wired 5:10 (October 1997)

Home Recording Rights Coalition. Webpages republishing Sony Betamax litigation

( and )

Landes, William M. and Richard A. Posner, "An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law."

Journal of Legal Studies 18(2): 325-363, 1989.

New York Times. "Keeping Copyright in Balance" (editorial), New York Times, February

21, 1998.

Risher, Carol. International Publishers Copyright Council (IPCC) Position Paper on

Libraries, Copyright and the Electronic Environment, Barcelona: International Publishers

Association Annual Meeting, April 1996

Salant, Jonathan D. "Disney Locks in Copyrights to Mickey, Goofy and Gang; Company

pulled out stops lobbying Congress", (Associated Press) San Francisco Chronicle, October

17, 1998, page 1.

Thurow, Lester C. "Needed: A New System of Intellectual Property Rights." Harvard

Business Review, 95-103 September-October 1997.

Walker, Thaai and Kevin Fagan. Girl Scouts change their tunes: "Licensing order restricts

use of favorite songs", San Francisco Chronicle, August 23, 1996, page 1.

Cultural Heritage , Culture

Anderson, Maxwell L. "Perils and Pleasures of the Virtual Museum." Museum News,

November-December 1994, 37-38, 64.

Beavis, Catherine. Computer Games, Culture and Curriculum, in Ilana Snyder, Page to Screen:

Taking Literacy into the Electronic Era. New York: Routledge, 1998, 234-255.

Besser, Howard. The Changing Museum, in Ching-chih Chen (ed), Information: The

Transformation of Society (Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the American Society for

Information Science), Medford, NJ: Learned Information, Inc, 1987, pages 14-19

Besser, Howard. The Changing Role of Photographic Collections With the Advent of

Digitization in Katherine Jones-Garmil (ed.), The Wired Museum, Washington: American

Association of Museums, 1997, pages 115-127. (earlier version)

Besser, Howard. The Changing Role of Photographic Collections With the Advent of

Digitization Discussion Paper for Working Group for Digital Image in Curatorial Practice,

George Eastman House, June 4, 1994

Besser, Howard. Fast Forward: The Future of Moving Image Collections, in Gary Handman (ed),

Video Collection Management and Development: A Multi-type Library Perspective, Westport,

CT: Greenwood, 1994, pages 411-426

Besser, Howard. The Information SuperHighway: Social and Cultural Impact Chapter from

Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information, edited by Jim Brook and Iain

Boal, City Lights Books, 1995

Besser, Howard. Movies-on-demand May Significantly Change the Internet From the October

1994 ASIS Bulletin theme issue on Entertainment Technology and Information Services

Besser, Howard. The Shape of the 21st Century Library, in Milton Wolf et. al. (eds.), Information

Imagineering: Meeting at the Interface. Chicago: American Library Association, 133-146. Also

available at

Besser, Howard. The Transformation of the Museum and the Way it's Perceived in Katherine

Jones-Garmil (ed.), The Wired Museum, Washington: American Association of Museums, 1997,

pages 153-169. (earlier version)

Birkerts, Sven. The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age. New York:

Faber and Faber, 1994.

Brook, James, Chris Carlsson and Nancy Peters (eds.). Reclaiming San Francisco: history,

politics, culture, San Francisco: City Lights, 1998.

DeLong, Stephen E. The Shroud of Lecturing, First Monday, 1997, available at



Dowler, Lawrence (ed.). Gateways to Knowledge: The Role of Academic Libraries in Teaching,

Learning, and Research. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997, 151-168.

Duncombe, Stephen. Notes from the Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative

Culture, New York: Verso, 1997.

Graubard, Stephen R. and Paul LeClerc (eds.) Books, Bricks, and Bytes: Libraries in the Twenty-First

Century. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998.

"The High Tech Museum," Museum News, July-August 1992, 36-43, 74-75.

Jones-Gamil, Katherine, editor. The Wired Museum: Emerging Technologies and Changing

Paradigms, Washington, D.C.: American Association of Museums, 1997.

King, David. The Commissar Vanishes: The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin's

Russia, New York: Metropolitan Books-Henry Holt, 1997.

Lardner, James. Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR (New York:

W.W. Norton, 1987).

Kuhn, Clifford M. “A Historian’s Perspective on Archives and the Documentary Process,” American Archivist 59 (Summer 1996): 312-320.

Ledbetter, James. Made Possible by ... The Death of Public Broadcasting in the United States,

New York: Verso, 1997.

The Information Highway must be a Two-Way Street: The Arts and Humanities Communities

Cannot be merely Consumers Presentation to the Convergence Conference: Arts and

Humanities and the NII

Lloyd, David and Paul Thomas. Culture and the State, New York: Routledge, 1998.

Margolis, Michael. Brave New Universities. First Monday: Peer Reviewed Journal on the Internet,

1998. Available at:

Marlow, Eugene, and Eugene Secunda. Shifting Time and Space: The Story of Videotape (New

York: Praeger, 1991). See Chapter 6, "The Home Video Market," especially pp. 121-128.

Mintz, Ann. Techno-Logic: In Our Computerized Society, The Museum—Three

Dimensional…and Reality-Based—May Now Be More Important than Ever. Museum News,

July-August 1992, 44-45.

Mintz, Ann. That’s Edutainmment! Museum News, Nov.-Dec. 1994, 33-35.

Noble, David F. The Digital Diploma Mills: The Automation of Higher Education, First Monday:

Peer Reviewed Journal on the Internet, 1998, available at



Nye, David E. Narratives and Spaces: Technology and the Construction of American Culture. New

York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

Pavlik, John V. New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives, Second Edition.

Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1998.

Peek, Robin P. and Gregory B. Newby (eds.). Scholarly Publishing: The Electronic Frontier.

Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

Porter, David (ed.). Internet Culture. New York: Routledge, 1996, 201-218.

Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. New

York: Penguin Books, 1985.

Sanders, Barry. A is for ox: the collapse of literacy and the rise of violence in an electronic age. New

York: Vintage Books, 1994.

Schiller, Herbert I. Culture, Inc.: The corporate takeover of American expression, New York: Oxford

University Press, 1989.

Wasko, Janet. Hollywood in the Information Age: Beyond the Silver Screen (Austin, TX: University

of Texas Press): 1995.

Longevity Issues

Lyman, Peter and Howard Besser. (1998). Defining the Problem of Our Vanishing Memory:

Background, Current Status, Models for Resolution in Margaret MacLean and Ben H. Davis

(eds.), Time and Bits: Managing Digital Continuity, Los Angeles: Getty Information Institute

and Getty Conservation Institute, pages 11-20

Misc

Besser, Howard. Issues and Challenges for the Distance-Independent Environment, Journal of

the American Society for Information Science 47:11, Nov 1996 (not available outside the UC

Berkeley domain)

Besser, Howard. The Impact of Distance-Independent Education, Journal of the American

Society for Information Science 47:11, Nov 1996 (not available outside the UC Berkeley domain)

Brand, Stewart. The Media Lab: inventing the future at MIT. New York: Penguin, 1988.

Carlsson, Chris. Bad attitude: the Processed World anthology. New York : Verso, 1990.

Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society (The information age: economy, society and

culture, volume 1,) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996

Education and Technology, readings from Besser's Fall 1998 class

Janson, Sverker. [Pointers to] Intelligent Software Agents [web sites]

Additional readings from:

Important news articles to read for class

Index to Multimedia Resources.

FringeWare Review Magazine

Howard's Multimedia Sites.

Hot Wired Magazine

Mondo 2000 (magazine)

Broken Links

Coyle, Karen. assorted papers

Digital Collections, Inc.

Ethics and the Internet, readings from 11/95 conference

Intellectual Property

Burnett, Ron. Critical Approaches to Cultural Studies

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