Aice Review Biological Molecules
AICE Review Biological Molecules J&F Chap 2
Polymers vs macromolecules
Polymerization
Monomer, dimer
Molecular vs structural formulae
Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides, disaccharides,polysaccharides
Chain versus ring structures
Isomers: stereo (Alpha glucose, beta glucose, galactose) structural (fructose)
Disaccharides / glycosidic bond (Condensation = dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis)
Polysaccharides: starch (amylose, amylopectin), glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Lipids:
Triglycerides: ester bonds, condensation / hydrolysis, energy storage = 2x carbohydrates (C-H bonds)
Saturated vs unsaturated fats (poly / mono unsaturated)
Phospholipids (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, micelle, lipid bilayer)
Proteins:
Functions
Amino Acids (carboxylic acid, amine, R group, H, carbon)
Peptide bond (N-C) condensation / hydrolysis, dipeptide, polypeptide
Primary structure: covalent peptide bonds between amino acids = polypeptide chain
Secondary structure: Hydrogen bonding among amine, carboxylic acid groups (alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure: caused by interations among R groups: ionic bonds hydrophobic interations (Van Der Walls Forces), disulphide bonds (covalent), hydrogen bonds
Quaternary Structure: 2 or more polypeptide chains
Globular (functional) vs fibrous (structural) proteins
Haemoglobin: globular, functional, 4 polypeptides, 4 haem groups (each contains iron and can fix one oxygen molecule)
Collagen: fibrous, structural, 3 polypeptide chains coiled into a helix,
Water:
Molecular structure: polarity, solvent properties
Thermal properties (heat capacity, heat of vaporization)
Density / freezing
Cohesion, adhesion (surface tension, meniscus, water in plant stems, etc)
Inorgainc ions:
Acids / bases
Review table on page 39
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