SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF …

SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF

THEORY AND PROBLEMS

OF

BEGINNING STATISTICS

LARRY J. STEPHENS, Ph.D.

Professor of Mathematics University of Nebrasku at Oriialin

SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES

McGRAW-HILL

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To My Mother and Father, Rosie, and Johnie Stephens

LARRY J. STEPHENS is Professor of Mathematics at the University of Nebraska at

Omaha. He received his bachelor's degree from Memphis State University in Mathematics, his master's degree from the University of Arizona in Mathematics, and his Ph.D. degree from Oklahoma State University in Statistics. Professor Stephens has over 40 publications in professional journals. He has over 25 years of experience teaching Statistics. He has taught at the University of Arizona, Christian Brothers College, Gonzaga University, Oklahoma State University, the University of Nebraska at Kearney, and the University of Nebraska at Omaha. He has published numerous computerized test banks to accompany elementary Statistics texts. He has worked for NASA, Livermore Radiation Laboratory, and Los Alamos Laboratory. Since 1989, Dr. Stephens has consulted with and conducted Statistics seminars for the engineering group at 3M, Valley, Nebraska plant.

Schaurn's Outline of Theory and Problems of BEGlNNlNG STATISTICS

Copyright 0 1998 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of Atnerica. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication tna he reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I 1 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 PRS PRS 9 0 2 1 0 9

ISBN 0-07-061259-5

Sponsoring Editor: Barbara Gilson Production Supervisor: Clara Stanley Editing Supervisor: Maureen B . Walker

Mirrirtih is U registered tradenuirk of Minitub h c .

Library of CongressCataloging-in-PublicationData

Stephens. Larry J.

Schaum's outline of theory and problems of beginning statistics /

Larry J. Stephens.

p. cm. - (Schaurn's outline series) Includes index.

ISBN 0-07-061259-5 (pbk.)

I . Mathematical statistics-Outlines, syllabi, etc.

2. Mathematical statistics-Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title.

11. Series.

QA276.19.S74 1998

519.5'0764~21

97-45979

CIP

AC

Preface

Statistics is a required course for undergraduate college students in a number of majors. Students in the following disciplines are often required to take a course in beginning statistics: allied health careers, biology, business, computer science, criminal justice, decision science, engineering, education, geography, geology, information science, nursing, nutrition, medicine, pharmacy, psychology, and public administration. This outline is intended to assist these students in the understanding of Statistics. The outline may be used as a supplement to textbooks used in these courses or a text for the course itself.

The author has taught such courses for over 25 years and understands the difficulty students encounter with statistics. I have included examples from a wide variety of current areas of application in order to motivate an interest in learning statistics. As we leave the twentieth century and enter the twenty-first century, an understanding of statistics is essential in understanding new technology, world affairs, and the ever-expanding volume of knowledge. Statistical concepts are encountered in television and radio broadcasting, as well as in magazines and newspapers. Modern newspapers, such as USA Today, are full of statistical information. The sports section is filled with descriptive statistics concerning players and teams performance. The money section of USA Today contains descriptive statistics concerning stocks and mutual funds. The life section of USA Today often contains summaries of research studies in medicine. An understanding of statistics is helpful in evaluating these research summaries.

The nature of the beginning statistics course has changed drastically in the past 30 or so years. This change is due to the technical advances in computing. Prior to the 1960s statistical computing was usually performed on mechanical calculators. These were large cumbersome computing devices (compared to today's hand-held calculators) that performed arithmetic by moving mechanical parts. Computers and computer software were no comparison to today's computers and software. The number of statistical packages available today numbers in the hundreds. The burden of statistical computing has been reduced to simply entering your data into a data file and then giving the correct command to perform the statistical method of interest.

One of the most widely used statistical packages in academia as well as industrial settings is the package called Minitab (Minitab Inc., 3081 Enterprise Drive, State College, PA 16801-3008). I wish to thank Minitab Inc. for granting me permission to include Minitab output, including graphics, throughout the text. Most modern Statistics textbooks include computer software as part of the text. I have chosen to include Minitab because it is widely used and is very friendly. Once a student learns the various data file structures needed to use Minitab, and the structure of the commands and subcommands, this knowledge is readily transferable to other statistical software.

The outline contains all the topics, and more, covered in a beginning statistics course. The only mathematical prerequisite needed for the material found in the outline is arithmetic and some basic algebra. I wish to thank my wife, Lana, for her understanding during the preparation of the book. I wish to thank my friend Stanley Wileman for all the computer help he has given me during the preparation of the book. I wish to thank Dr. Edwin C . Hackleman of Delta Software, Inc. for his timely assistance as compositor of the final camera-ready manuscript. Finally, I wish to thank the staff at McGraw-Hill for their cooperation and helpfulness.

LARRYJ. STEPHENS

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