The Academic Impacts of Career and Technical Schools

2013

The Academic Impacts of Career and Technical Schools:

A Case Study of a Large Urban School District

Ruth Curran Neild Christopher Boccanfuso Vaughan Byrnes Center for Social Organization of Schools Everyone Graduates Center Johns Hopkins University

January 2013

The Academic Impacts of Career and Technical Schools: A Case Study of a Large Urban School District

Ruth Curran Neild Christopher Boccanfuso Vaughan Byrnes Center for Social Organization of Schools Johns Hopkins University January 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................ES-1

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1

The Challenges of Assessing the Effects of CTE Schools ..................................................... 3

A Study that Spans Perkins III ............................................................................................. 4

Research Questions and Data ............................................................................................. 5

The Effects of Career and Technical Education .................................................................. 5

CHAPTER TWO: THE CONTEXT OF CAREER AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN PHILADELPHIA ............................................................................................................9

Philadelphia's Public High Schools...................................................................................... 9

The High School Application and Admission Process ....................................................... 14

The Impact of Desegregation on High School Admissions ............................................... 18

Demand for Career and Technical Schools in Philadelphia .............................................. 18

Demand for Specific Career and Technical Schools.......................................................... 22

A Final Note on Context: The Impact on High Schools of the State Takeover ................. 23

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY DESIGN ...............................................................................25

Definition of the Three Cohorts of Students .................................................................... 25

General Description of Data Sets...................................................................................... 26

Study Design for Analysis of CTE Outcomes ..................................................................... 27

Students Included in this Study ........................................................................................ 27

Treatment Crossover ........................................................................................................ 29

Classification of Students as Applicants, Treatment Group Members, and Control Group

Members

............................................................................................................. 31

Identification of Applicants who were "Screened Out" of the CTE Lotteries................... 31

Classification of Students into Treatment and Control .................................................... 32

Comparison of Treatment and Control Groups ................................................................ 36

Estimates of Impact and Modeling Strategies .................................................................. 41

CHAPTER FOUR: AVAILABILITY OF AND ENROLLMENT IN CTE COURSES AND COURSES OF STUDY ACROSS THE DISTRICT, 1999-2000 TO 2004-2005............................................46

CTE Courses of Study at the District's High Schools ......................................................... 46

Who Enrolled in CTE Courses? .......................................................................................... 52

Areas of Concentration in Career and Technical Education ............................................. 55

In Which Grades Did Students Take CTE Courses? ........................................................... 58

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The Timing of CTE Course Taking Among CTE Applicants ................................................ 58 CHAPTER FIVE: COMPARISON OF ACADEMIC OUTCOMES FOR COHORTS FOR YEARS ONE THROUGH FOUR OF HIGH SCHOOL ......................................................................... 61 Descriptive Comparison of Key Academic Outcomes....................................................... 61 Intent-to-Treat Estimates of CTE School Impacts ............................................................. 63 Intent-to-Treat Effects by School and Cohort................................................................... 66 Dosage Effects ............................................................................................................. 67 APPENDIX A..............................................................................................................75 APPENDIX B ..............................................................................................................85 APPENDIX C.............................................................................................................................102

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FIGURES AND TABLES

CHAPTER TWO Table 2.1: Summary Data for Philadelphia High Schools, by School Type ....................... 11 Table 2.2: Racial and Ethnic Composition of High Schools, by School Type..................... . 11 Table 2.3: Summary of Key CTE School Characteristics, 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 ...........12 Figure 2.1: Sample School Application Form for Eighth Grade Students ......................... 16 Figure 2.2: Percentage of 8th Grade Students Applying to at Least One CTE School for 9th Grade......................................................................................................................................19 Figure 2.4: Race/Ethnicity of Students, by Cohort and Application to a Career and Technical School................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 2.3: Mean 8th Grade GPA, by Cohort and Application to a CTE School ................ 20 Table 2.5: Percentage of Students in Each Proficiency Category on the Eighth Grade State Standardized Test in Reading, by Cohort and Application to a Career and Technical High School...................................................................................................................................21 Table 2.6: Percentage of Students in Each Proficiency Category on the Eighth Grade State Standardized Test in Mathematics, by Cohort and Application to a Career and Technical High School ....................................................................................................... 21 Table 2.7 Racial and Ethnic Composition of Applicants, by Career and Technical High School and Cohort.......................................................................................................................22 Table 2.8: Percentage of Applicants Scoring Below Basic and Advanced/Proficient on Eighth Grade Math and Reading Test, by School and Cohort .......................................... 23 CHAPTER THREE Table 3.1: Percentage of Applicants Not Entered into the Lottery, by School and Cohort........................... .................................................................................................... 28 Table 3.2: Comparison of Class of 2005 Applicants Who Were Entered and Not Entered into the Lottery, by School................................................................................................ 30 Table 3.3: Disapproval Reasons Given for Students who Applied to CTE Schools ........... 32 Table 3.4: Percentages of Students Accepted, Not Accepted, and of Unclear Status in School District Data, By School and Cohort ............................................................................34 Table 3.5: Percentage of Students Designated as Accepted for this Study, by Cohort and School.................................................................................................................................. 36 Table 3.6: Regressions Predicting Acceptance at Each School, for Applicants in the Class of 2003....................... ....................................................................................................... 38 Table 3.7: Regressions Predicting Acceptance at Each School, for Applicants in the Class of 2004..........................................................................................................................................39

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Table 3.8: Regressions Predicting Acceptance at Each School, for Applicants in the Class of 2005..........................................................................................................................................40 Table 3.9: Number of Years Attended a CTE School, by Admissions Status..................... 42 Table 3.10: Percentage of Students Not Accepted Who Attended Another CTE School, by Cohort and School.......................................................................................................................43 CHAPTER FOUR Table 4.1: CTE Course Offerings for Each Philadelphia High School, by Course Type and School Year............. ........................................................................................................... 50 Table 4.2: Number of CTE Courses Taken, by Cohort ....................................................... 52 Table 4.3: Number of CTE Courses Taken, by Race/Ethnicity, Class of 2003......................53 Table 4.4: Number of CTE Courses Taken, by Race/Ethnicity, Class of 2004 ................... 53 Table 4.5: Number of CTE Courses Taken, by Race/Ethnicity, Class of 2005 ................... 54 Table 4.6: Number of CTE Courses Taken, by Cohort and Gender................................... 54 Table 4.7: Number of CTE Courses Taken, by Cohort and Proficiency Level on Eighth Grade State Standardized Test of Reading ....................................................................... 55 Table 4.8: Number of CTE Courses Taken, by Cohort and Proficiency Level on Eighth Grade State Standardized Test of Mathematics ............................................................... 55 Table 4.9: Percentage of Students Concentrating in Each CTE Area, by Cohort .............. 57 Table 4.10: Number of Vocational Concentration Areas for all Students with at Least One Vocational Concentration Area, by Cohort....................................................................... 57

Table 4.11: Mean Number of CTE Courses Taken by Year, For Students Who Took at Least One CTE Course ................................................................................................................58 Table 4.12: Mean Number of CTE Courses Taken by Year, by Attendance at a CTE School.................................................................................................................................. 59 CHAPTER FIVE Table 5.1: Comparison of Academic Outcomes, by CTE Acceptance Status, for the Classes of 2003, 2004, and 2005 ................................................................................................... 62 Table 5.2: Comparison of Academic Outcomes, by CTE Enrollment Status, for the Classes of 2003, 2004, and 2005 ................................................................................................... 63 Table 5.3: Estimated Intent-to-Treat CTE Impacts on Academic Outcomes, Classes of 2003, 2004, and 2005 ....................................................................................................... 65 Table 5.4: Estimated Dosage CTE Impacts on Academic Outcomes, Classes of 2003, 2004, and 2005.......................................................................................................................................68 APPENDIX A Table A.1: Full List of Status and Basis Codes used in School District of Philadelphia High School Admissions Files............................................................................................................75

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Table A.2: Percentage Accepted, Not Accepted, and Unknown, for Class of 2003, by CTE School............................................................................................................................................76 Table A.3: Percentage Accepted, Not Accepted, and Unknown, for Class of 2004, by CTE School............................................................................................................................................77 Table A.4: Percentage Accepted, Not Accepted, and Unknown, for Class of 2005, by CTE School............................................................................................................................................79 Table A.5: Percentage of Students Accepted in Each Simulated Lottery Round, by School, for the Class of 2003...................................................................................................................81 Table A.6: Percentage of Students Accepted in Each Simulated Lottery Round, by School, for the Class of 2004...................................................................................................................81 Table A.7: Percentage of Students Accepted in Each Simulated Lottery Round, by School, for the Class of 2005...................................................................................................................81 Table A.8: Descriptive Summary of Student Characteristics by Acceptance in School Admission Lottery, Class of 2003..............................................................................................82 Table A.9: Descriptive Summary of Student Characteristics by Acceptance in School Admission Lottery, Class of 2004..............................................................................................83 Table A.10: Descriptive Summary of Student Characteristics by Acceptance in School Admission Lottery, Class of 2005..............................................................................................84 APPENDIX B Table B.1: CTE Courses Offered in Philadelphia Public Schools: 1999-00 through 200405.................................................................................................................................................85 Table B.2: Percentage of Vocational Concentrators, by Cohort and Concentration Area Using Two Course Criteria for Vocational Concentrator...................................................100 Table B.3: Mean Number of CTE Courses Taken by Year, For Students with at Least One CTE Course Taken Using Two Course Criteria for Vocational Concentrator...................101 APPENDIX C Table C.1: Description of Dependent Variables...................................................................102 Table C.2: Description of Independent Variables................................................................102 Table C.3: Summary of Effects of CTE Schools for Imputed Outcomes, All Cohorts.......106 Table C.4: Summary of Ninth Grade Effects of CTE Schools, for the Classes of 2003, 2004, and 2005.....................................................................................................................................107 Table C.5: Summary of Year Two Effects of CTE Schools, for the Classes of 2003, 2004, and 2005....................................................................................................................................108 Table C.6: Summary of Year Three Effects of CTE Schools.................................................109 Table C.7: Summary of Year Four Effects of CTE Schools...................................................109

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