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right-211540Unit 1: Human Lifespan DevelopmentA: Human Growth and development through the life stagesRevision booklet00Unit 1: Human Lifespan DevelopmentA: Human Growth and development through the life stagesRevision booklet234958291195Name:________________________________00Name:________________________________left370225000Your unit 1 exam90 marks in totalCase studies are used so you can apply your knowledge and understanding to a realistic situation and context. You need to give realistic factsQuestions where you need to use your knowledge range from 3-6 marks.Questions where you need to show your understanding of topics range from 1-6 marks.Spending too long answering 1 or 2 mark questions can mean that you run out of time for the later questions that are worth 10-12 marks.Types of questionsWhich…Explain…Outline…Describe…Extended questionsShort-answered questionsJustify…To what extent…Evaluate…Discuss…Identify…Explain- Range from 1-6 marks. You need to show that you understand the topic and give reasons to support your opinion or argument. Make sure you give enough detail to justify your answer. You could use words such as ‘because’, ‘due to’ or ‘therefore’.285920664960Carl may have had a growth spurt because he is experiencing puberty. Different parts of his body grow at different rates, so Carl’s weight may be increasing more slowly than his height.0Carl may have had a growth spurt because he is experiencing puberty. Different parts of his body grow at different rates, so Carl’s weight may be increasing more slowly than his height.3411992255Carl and his friend Saeed are 12 years old. A year ago they were the same height and weight. Carl is now 5cms taller than Saeed but is still the same weight as his friend.Use the principles of growth to explain Carl’s patterns of growth at his life stage. (4 marks)00Carl and his friend Saeed are 12 years old. A year ago they were the same height and weight. Carl is now 5cms taller than Saeed but is still the same weight as his friend.Use the principles of growth to explain Carl’s patterns of growth at his life stage. (4 marks)289825022777Rosemary may have more difficulty preparing food because she has less mobility in the small muscles in her fingers.Rosemary may have lost muscle and strength, therefore she may have difficulty getting in and out of the bath.0Rosemary may have more difficulty preparing food because she has less mobility in the small muscles in her fingers.Rosemary may have lost muscle and strength, therefore she may have difficulty getting in and out of the bath.left245414Rosemary is 79 years old. She recently went into hospital for a cataract operation. Before she was discharged, a social worker visited her to assess whether she would be able to care for herself when she went home.Explain two possible features of the ageing process which may affect Rosemary’s ability to care for herself at home. (4 marks)00Rosemary is 79 years old. She recently went into hospital for a cataract operation. Before she was discharged, a social worker visited her to assess whether she would be able to care for herself when she went home.Explain two possible features of the ageing process which may affect Rosemary’s ability to care for herself at home. (4 marks)Describe- You need to show your knowledge of age/life stage of the child, and the types of activities he might be doing. Describe questions range from 1 to 6 marks.2849936170649Micah will have developed the large muscles in his arms and legs, which will help him to hold on to the climbing frame and push up with his legs to climb higher. He will be able to use the large muscles in his hands to hold a ball and use the muscles in his arms and legs to thrown and kick it. Micah will be developing his leg strength, balance and co-ordination so will be able to pedal and control ride-on toys.0Micah will have developed the large muscles in his arms and legs, which will help him to hold on to the climbing frame and push up with his legs to climb higher. He will be able to use the large muscles in his hands to hold a ball and use the muscles in his arms and legs to thrown and kick it. Micah will be developing his leg strength, balance and co-ordination so will be able to pedal and control ride-on toys.left31364Konrad is 49 years old. He has two children. Nina aged 12 and Micah who is 3 years old. Micah has just started nursery. The nursery has an outdoor play area with a climbing frame, ride on toys and a selection of bats, balls and hoops.Describe Micah’s gross motor skills in relation to how his ability to take part in outdoor play should develop. (6 marks)00Konrad is 49 years old. He has two children. Nina aged 12 and Micah who is 3 years old. Micah has just started nursery. The nursery has an outdoor play area with a climbing frame, ride on toys and a selection of bats, balls and hoops.Describe Micah’s gross motor skills in relation to how his ability to take part in outdoor play should develop. (6 marks)-2107103629108It asks for types of play in infancy and in early childhood. If you gave three types of play in early childhood you would not be answering the full question.00It asks for types of play in infancy and in early childhood. If you gave three types of play in early childhood you would not be answering the full question.441297293734400282270273061000195204519216In infancy, babies ‘play’ is solitary. They concentrate on their own ability and are not interested in, and do not notice, what other infants or children are doing.By the time children reach 2 years old, they become engaged in parallel play. They are still involved in their own activity but watch, and sometimes influenced by, other children’s activities.By the time children reach 3 years old, they begin to engage in co-operative play. This means that they are involved in the same activity as other children. They negotiate with friends, agree rules and roles and share ideas for how the play will develop.00In infancy, babies ‘play’ is solitary. They concentrate on their own ability and are not interested in, and do not notice, what other infants or children are doing.By the time children reach 2 years old, they become engaged in parallel play. They are still involved in their own activity but watch, and sometimes influenced by, other children’s activities.By the time children reach 3 years old, they begin to engage in co-operative play. This means that they are involved in the same activity as other children. They negotiate with friends, agree rules and roles and share ideas for how the play will develop.-3976225949Teddies Nursery has provision for Children from 6 months to 3 years old. The staff provide plenty of opportunity for children to develop their play.Describe three stages of play in infancy and early childhood (6 marks)00Teddies Nursery has provision for Children from 6 months to 3 years old. The staff provide plenty of opportunity for children to develop their play.Describe three stages of play in infancy and early childhood (6 marks)“Which” questions- They range from 1-6 mark quesrions, you must select the correct item or feature from a definitie set. No detail is required.Identify- They range from 3 to 6 marks. There is no need to expand to provide more detail.367792024765Drew has a sense of achievementDrew has improved statusDrew will feel financially secure.00Drew has a sense of achievementDrew has improved statusDrew will feel financially secure.left52269Drew has just left university with a good degree. He has been offered a job at a local IT company.Identify three possible reasons why Drew has a positive self-image. (3 marks)00Drew has just left university with a good degree. He has been offered a job at a local IT company.Identify three possible reasons why Drew has a positive self-image. (3 marks)left25042Aarif is 13 months old. He is holding on to the furniture to help him walk around to room.Which area of development is Aarif developing? (1 mark)00Aarif is 13 months old. He is holding on to the furniture to help him walk around to room.Which area of development is Aarif developing? (1 mark)right49116Physical00PhysicalOutline- Range from 1 to 6 marks. The number of marks you are given will indicate how much you need to write. Outline a separate point or feature in each sentence. Imagine you have to give a brief description of the topic to someone who does not know about it.308113050082Claire is over 40 years old so has reached the stage of life when perimenopause may begin. This means that she will be reaching the end of her reproductive period so will not be as fertile. Her oestrogen levels will be starting to decrease, which would affect her ability to produce eggs each month. This will make ovulation less regular and reduce the likelihood of Claire conceiving.00Claire is over 40 years old so has reached the stage of life when perimenopause may begin. This means that she will be reaching the end of her reproductive period so will not be as fertile. Her oestrogen levels will be starting to decrease, which would affect her ability to produce eggs each month. This will make ovulation less regular and reduce the likelihood of Claire conceiving.-397612838Claire is 43 years old. She married Tom last year. They would like to have a baby but Claire is concerned that she has not conceived.Outline how Claire’s physical stage of life may account for her being unable to conceive (6 marks).00Claire is 43 years old. She married Tom last year. They would like to have a baby but Claire is concerned that she has not conceived.Outline how Claire’s physical stage of life may account for her being unable to conceive (6 marks).KEYWORDSGrowth- An increase in some measured quantity such as height or weight.Development- Complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities.Centile lines (percentiles)- lines on a graph to show average measurements of height, weight and head circumference. The lines represent the values of the measurements taking into account age and sex.Development norms- a description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child’s development e.g. at 12 months a child has the ability to stand alone.Milestone- an ability achieved by most children by a certain age. It can involve physical, social, emotional, cognitive and communication skills e.g. walking, sharing with others and talking.Gross motor skills- large movement that involve using the large muscles of the body which are required for mobility e.g. rolling over.Fine motor skills- involve smaller movements that require precise direction (dexterity) and use smaller muscles e.g. picking up a pencil.Adolescence- an important status change following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adultPuberty- a period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity, and become biologically able to reproduce and secondary sexual characteristics develop.Hormones- chemical substances produced in the body and transported in the blood stream that control or regulate body cells or body organs.Menopause- the ending of female fertility, including cessation of menstruation and reduction in production of female sex hormonesLife expectancy- an estimate of the number of years, on average, that a person can expect to live. Sometimes called longevity.Cognitive impairment- when a person has trouble remembering, learning new skills, concentrating or making decisions that affect their everyday life.Emotional literacy- the ability to recognise, understand and appropriately express emotions. Emotional literacy is essential for forming positive social relationshipsEmpathy- the ability to identify with or understand another’s situation or feelings, ‘walking a mile in someone else’s shoes’.Attachment- a strong emotional connection between a child and a caregiverSelf-image- the way an individual sees themselves, their mental image of themselvesSelf-esteem- how a person feels about themselves, self-worth or pride.Self-concept (sense of identity)- an awareness formed in early childhood, a unique person and different from everyone else.Deprivation- being deprived of a caregiver to whom an attachment already existsPrivation- being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachmentSeparation anxiety- the fear and apprehension that infants experience when separated from their primary caregiver.Stranger anxiety- when an infant becomes anxious and fearful around strangers.Principles of growthIt describes an increase in length or height, weight and dimensions.48599111748300The four principles of growth:Growth rates are not constantDifferent parts of the body grow at different ratesGrowth rates vary between children.The growth rate of boys is usually faster on average than that of girls, as men tend to be taller than women.Length or height?In the first two years, an infant’s length is measured when lying down.From 2 years old their height is measured when standing.left24593400Head dimensionsHead circumference is measured at birth and at 6-8 weeks to identify any abnormality in brain and skull growth. Skull growth is faster in the first two years of life but continues into early adulthood.Recording growthGrowth is an indicator of children’s health and wellbeing. Measurements are plotted on a growth chart. Centile lines represent the values of measurement from a large number of children to show ‘norms’ of growth in each age group.Growth charts give the length or height, weight and head dimensions expected at a particular paring children’s growth against norms is important to identify signs of ill-health and development problems.Growth charts are different for boys and girls as their expected rate of growth varies.right25781000Principles of development Describes the acquisition of skills and abilities through the life stages.Physical development: growth and other physical changes that happen to our body.Intellectual/cognitive development- the development of language, memory and thinking skills.Emotional development- the ability to cope with feelings about ourselves and towards othersSocial development- the ability to form friendships and relationships, and to learn to be independent.Development milestones.The rate of development may vary between individuals but it follows the same sequence, with each stage called a milestone (developmental norm). Gross motor skillsAllows children to control the large muscles in their torso, arms, legs, hands and feet e.g.Crawling, walking, running, balancing, coordinating, bending, climbing, pulling, pushing, kicking, scooting, jumping and skipping.46845842144200InfancyDevelop their gross motor skills from the head downAround 6 months they gradually control the muscles in their neck and back so they can roll, sit and crawl.Around 11-13 months, the muscles in their legs will develops so that they can stand, cruise and walk.At 2 years infants can climb onto low furniture and propel a sit-on toy.Each ChildhoodFrom about 3 years they can pedal and control a tricycle, by 6 they can ride a bicycle.3-4 years they can balance and walk along a line, by 5-6 years old they can balance on a low beam.3-4 years old they run forwards and backwards, by 5-8 they can skip with a rope.From 3 years they can throw a ball, by 4 years they can aim it. At 5-8 years old they can accurately throw and catch a ball.From 3-4 years they can hop on one foot. At about 5-8 years they hop, skip and jump with confidence.Fine motor skillsAre important for controlling and coordinating the movement of the small muscles in the fingers and hands.Gripping: Having the strength in fingers and hands to hold an object firmly e.g. holding a rattle, tricycle handle or spoon.Manipulation: Skilful movement of objects using fingers and hands such as turning, twisting and passing objects from one hand to another e.g. building with blocks, playing a musical instrument, playing with and placing farm animals or cars.right35871000Hand-eye coordination: Control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement e.g. writing, sewing or completing jigsaw puzzles.Newborn: Able to grasp an adult’s finger, by 3 months they will hold a rattle. By 6months they will grasp a toy and pass it to his other hand. At 12 months he will pick up small objects using a pincer grasp.18 months: Build with small blocks, use a spoon and make marks with a crayon using a palmar grasp.3 years: Use a fork and spoon, turn the pages of a book, button and unbutton clothing. At 4 years old he will be able to threat small beads and colour in pictures.5 years: Control the muscles in their fingers to manipulate construction block and use hand-eye coordination to fit into the correct place. Write own name an d form letters correctly.Infancy- 0-2 years PIES SUMMARYPhysicalIntellectualEmotionalSocialLanguage developmentNew bornNew born babies are interested in faces & soon recognise their main carer. They know their face, voice, smell and touch. At 6 weeks old they smile at their carer3 monthsCan sit if supportedInfants make babbling noises.6 monthsCan sit unsupported briefly. Can pull selves upTurn headShy of strangerscan tell people they know from strangers9 monthsSit unsupported for 10 mins. Roll or crawlPractice making sounds and repeating syllables. Understand simple words like “no” and “bye bye” Babble but range of sounds limited. Communication skills have improved. An infant know now how to get an adults attention by pointing and raising their voice. 12 monthsCan get into sitting position without help. Crawl rapidly. Walk holding onto furnitureKnow own name and several words Understand simple commands “come to mummy” etc.15 monthsGet to feet alone. Walk and crawl upstairsUnderstand and obey simple commands can say a few words18 monthsRun, walk and crawl downstairsHolophrases: one word in several situations but tone of voice and the context helps the adult to understand what the toddler means. Most have between 10 & 15 words. Try to join in nursery rhymes. Put words together to make simple sentences2 yearsWalk downstairsShow jealousy of siblingCannot control emotions so may have tantrumsPlay near other children but don’t know how to play with them (parallel play)-75063-750640Attachment to caregivers: 50285755802200A secure attachment to a main caregiver means that a child will feel secure, loved and have a sense of belonging. Caregivers are the secure base from which children explore the world around them. They are protectors and help the child to feel happy, secure and confident. It is important that parents ensure that children have the physical, mental and emotional nourishment to develop healthily. Secure attachments in childhood lead to happier and healthier attachments with others in the future. If there is a lack of a healthy attachment, then a mistrust of caregivers or adults in authority could develop. Insecure attachments can lead to behavioural issues, a lack of ability to receive affection of manipulative behaviour. Children may not develop the secure base necessary to cope with life events.John Bowlby Attachment TheoryJohn Bowlby (1907 - 1990) was a psychoanalyst and believed that mental health and _______________ problems could be attributed to early childhood. Bowlby’s theory of _________________ suggests that children come into the world ______________ pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to _____________. Bowlby believed that attachment behaviours are instinctive and will be triggered by any conditions that seem to threaten their closeness to who they are attached to e.g. a __________Bowlby also suggested that the fear of _____________ represents an important survival mechanism, built in by _____________. Babies are born with the tendency to display certain innate behaviours (called social releasers) which help ensure closeness and ___________ with the mother or attachment figure (e.g. crying, smiling, crawling, etc.) During the evolution of the human species, it would have been the __________ who stayed close to their _____________ that would have survived to have children of their own. Bowlby hypothesised that both infants and mothers have evolved a biological need to stay in contact with each other.attachmentstrangersparentbiologicallymotherssurvivebabiesbehaviouralnaturecontactright-60200QuestionsWhat is a gross motor skill?What is a fine motor skill?Activities to encourage gross motor skillsActivities to encourage fine motor skillsActivities to encourage language developmentWhat do the critics of Bowlby’s theory argue?center-9449800Jack is 2 years old. He is looked after at home by his mother, Patricia. She is planning to take Jack to a playgroup for two mornings each week. Patricia hopes that the staff at the playgroup will be able to help Jack with his language skillsGive two examples of expected language development for Jack. (2 marks)Identify two activities that the playgroup staff could use to help Jack to develop his language skills. (2 marks)-5842014605Joshua was born two months’ prematurely and the midwife quickly realised he had Down’s syndrome. Rachael, Joshua’s Mum, was 47 years old when he was born and had experienced a difficult pregnancy. After the birth Joshua was taken to the maternity intensive care unit. Rachael experience a severe bout of post-natal depression. Rachael’s husband Mark worked long hours as a senior pharmacist and her eldest daughter, Charlotte, was overseas on a gap year before going to university. Shaun, aged 15 had always been very close to his mum and he helped to look after Joshua when he was a baby. Sean was very good at talking and playing with Joshua as well as feeding and bathing him, as well as changing his nappies. Joshua soon developed an attachment to Shaun and was very upset when his brother was not with him, refusing to take his feed and becoming very distressed.00Joshua was born two months’ prematurely and the midwife quickly realised he had Down’s syndrome. Rachael, Joshua’s Mum, was 47 years old when he was born and had experienced a difficult pregnancy. After the birth Joshua was taken to the maternity intensive care unit. Rachael experience a severe bout of post-natal depression. Rachael’s husband Mark worked long hours as a senior pharmacist and her eldest daughter, Charlotte, was overseas on a gap year before going to university. Shaun, aged 15 had always been very close to his mum and he helped to look after Joshua when he was a baby. Sean was very good at talking and playing with Joshua as well as feeding and bathing him, as well as changing his nappies. Joshua soon developed an attachment to Shaun and was very upset when his brother was not with him, refusing to take his feed and becoming very distressed.Explain three factors that have affected Joshua’s attachment with his mother.To what extent can Bowlby’s theory justify Joshua’s reaction to being separated from his brother?Early Childhood 3-8 years- PIES SUMMARYPhysicalIntellectualEmotionalSocialMore gradual than infancy, although there is a spurt between 5 – 7 years old. FINE MOTOR SKILLSManipulating: Using small muscles in the fingers to manipulate objects. Gripping: Grasping a finger or an object (e.g. a rattle) for a short time.Hand-eye coordination: Using finger muscles to pick up an object and using eyes to guide movements.By the end of early childhood children have progressed greatly in their intellectual development. In infancy, the world is experienced through senses alone. In childhood this changes as children have the ability to think about things that happen to them. However, they still tend to be egocentric, seeing the world from only their viewpoint.At age 5 they begin to learn new vocabulary as they listen to other children in their class and new words introduced by their teacher. They start to see things from someone else’s point of view. Start to work things out, but need to see & touch things to understand & solve problemsPiaget theory on child developmentChomsky Language Acquisition Device.As children get older they become better at controlling the way they respond to their emotions. They learn they should express their emotions differently in different situationsChildren still depend on their carers & close family. How they are treated by them is still very important for their self-concept. Now there are other influences as well. As children get older they meet more people outside the family. Their self-concept is affected by their relationships with others – school friends, teachers. If they are popular in school & have lots of friends it will have a positive effect on their self-concept, being unpopular or bullied can have a negative effect.Much better at understanding the feelings of others. They understand how to take turns.They can be separated from their main carer without distress.By 5 years old children are attending school, meeting lots of new children & choosing their own friends. They co-operate with other children in games & understand rules & fairness. Because children understand more about how others are feeling it becomes more important for them to have the approval of other childrenBy 7 years children are aware of the sexual differences & prefer to play with children of the same sex.This will continue until adolescenceJean Piaget (1952)- The development of children’s logic and reasoning.left1540300According to psychologist Jean Piaget, children progress through a series of four critical stages of cognitive development. Each stage is marked by shifts in how kids understand the world. Piaget believed that children are like "little scientists" and that they actively try to explore and make sense of the world around them. Through his observations of his children, Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four distinct stages: The sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2.During this stage, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. At this point in development, a child's intelligence consists of their basic motor and sensory explorations of the world. Piaget believed that developing object permanence or object constancy, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, was an important element at this point of development. The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7 393382527114500At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people. They also often struggle with understanding the ideal of constancy. For example, a researcher might take a lump of clay, divide it into two equal pieces, and then give a child the choice between two pieces of clay to play with. One piece of clay is rolled into a compact ball while the other is smashed into a flat pancake shape. Since the flat shape looks larger, the preoperational child will likely choose that piece even though the two pieces are exactly the same size.The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11Kids at this point of development begin to think more logically, but their thinking can also be very rigid. They tend to struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts. At this point, children also become less egocentric and begin to think about how other people might think and feel. Kids in the concrete operational stage also begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood.The final stage of Piaget's theory involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas. At this point, people become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them.Schemas - A schema describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world.In Piaget's view, a schema includes both a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge. As experiences happen, this new information is used to modify, add to, or change previously existing schemas.For example, a child may have a schema about a type of animal, such as a dog. If the child's sole experience has been with small dogs, a child might believe that all dogs are small, furry, and have four legs. Suppose then that the child encounters an enormous dog. The child will take in this new information, modifying the previously existing schema to include these new observations.-228600462216500right-698500Chomsky’s model of language acquisition.left1333500Noam Chomsky (1959) believed that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically programmed into individuals. This means that all individuals have the ability to understand and use language, regardless of other abilities, and to become fluent in their first language by the age of five or six. He claims that certain linguistic structures which children use so accurately must be already imprinted on the child’s mind. It's as if the child's brain is a CD player already set to "play" language; when the CD for a certain language is inserted, that is the language the child learns. He rejects the notion that all language must be learned afresh by each child. Instead, Chomsky says, normal children everywhere are born with a kind of hard-wired syntax that enables them to grasp the basic workings of language. The child then chooses the particular grammar and language of the environment from the available options in the brain. Chomsky states that individuals are born with a ‘Language Acquisition Device’ (LAD) that enables children to recognise and develop the languages they experience. The ability to use language develops because of maturation- it is the unfolding of an individual’s biological potential. Chomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. Chomsky’s theory applies to all languages as they all contain nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels and children appear to be ‘hard-wired’ to acquire the grammar.center111976900Chomsky believes that babies need to experience other people using language but that they do not need to be trained in order to speak. He noted that even if adults around a child use correct grammar or even correct a child, they will continue to apply plural ‘rules’ for instance ‘deers’ or ‘geeses’, if they have reached that particular stage of language development. Mistakes such as ‘I drawed’ instead of ‘I drew’ show they are not learning through imitation alone. Evaluation of TheoristsTheoryStrengthsWeaknessesJohn Bowlby (Attachment)Attachment is universal. Evidence that all children make attachments to the people that care for them. Tronick et al (1992) found that an African tribe with a very different child rearing system to Western societies still demonstrated one primary attachment. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) The ‘Glasgow baby study’ supports Bowlby’s idea of multiple attachments. Shaffer and Emerson found that western babies made lots of attachments but formed one main attachment often not with the person who fed them but with the person who responded quickly and sensitively to their needs. The Minnesota longitudinal study, Stroufe et al (2005) found evidence that backed up Bowlby’s claim that the type of attachment an infant had with its caregivers influenced later emotional and social behaviour. Some psychologists argue Bowlby stressed the importance of one primary attachment figure at the expense of other important attachment figures such as fathers.Rutter (1995) has proposed a multiple attachment model that sees all attachments as important and suggests that they all form the infants internal working model. Some psychologists argue that the type of attachment an infant has with its caregivers is influenced by the infants personality and is not only due to the responsiveness and sensitivity of caregiving from adults. The temperament hypothesis. Thomas and Chess (1977) have identified that babies have one of three basic personalities or temperaments. 1. Easy babies 2. Difficult babies. 3. Slow-to-warm-up babies. Difficult and slow to warm up babies are harder to cope with and this affects the emotional bond they have with their caregivers. Kagan (1984) argues that the type of attachment an infant has with its caregivers depends mainly on the temperament of the child.Jean Piaget (Cognitive development)Piaget's focus on qualitative development had an important impact on education. While Piaget did not specifically apply his theory in this way, many educational programs are now built upon the belief that children should be taught at the level for which they are developmentally prepared.Piaget's theory has improved the understanding of cognitive development. Ability to communicate with children has increased. Methods for studying children have increased.Research has disputed Piaget's argument that all children will automatically move to the next stage of development as they mature.Some data suggests that environmental factors may play a role in the development of formal operations.Piaget's research methods were not reliable and was formed from a biased sample- his own children.Piaget underestimated children's abilitiesMost children possess abilities an earlier age than he believedSome children can view others perspective, not egocentricSome children belong in more than one stageNoam Chomsky (Language Acquisition)Children learning to speak never make grammatical errors such as getting their subjects, verbs and objects in the wrong order. If an adult deliberately said a grammatically incorrect sentence, the child would notice. Children often say things that are ungrammatical such as ‘mama ball’, which they cannot have learnt passively. Mistakes such as ‘I drawed’ instead of ‘I drew’ show they are not learning through imitation alone.Critics of Chomsky’s theory say that although it is clear that children don’t learn language through imitation alone, this does not prove that they must have an LAD – language learning could merely be through general learning and understanding abilities and interactions with other people.Emphasis is on grammar and not on meaning/understanding the word.Doesn’t account for those with learning difficulties.Skinner (1957) argued that children learn language based on behaviourist reinforcement principles by associating words with meanings. Correct utterances are positively reinforced when the child realizes the communicative value of words and phrases.center31512500QuestionsActivities to encourage gross motor skillsActivities to encourage fine motor skillsActivities to encourage language developmentSarah is 7. She hasn’t made many friends in her school, and her parents are pre-occupied by her new baby sister. Explain, using the diagram, how this could have an impact on her self-concept.-822534346900Adolescence 9-18- PIES SUMMARYPhysicalIntellectualEmotionalSocialIn adolescence, adolescents have an amazing growth spurt to reach their final adult height. Rapidly increasing height is a sign that an adolescence is experiencing puberty. Growth is triggered in both boys and girls by increased levels of the sex hormone testosterone.learn to think in different waysunderstand more difficult concepts than children learn to synthesis information – to blend information together from several different sourcescan also use information to solve problems in their heads without having to see themSometimes this new ability to think for themselves leads to arguments between adolescents and their parents & disagreements with others. Within a peer group someone who has developed the ability to think independently can exercise power over the other members of the group.The hormone changes emotions. They have mood swings. They may be excited one minute & depressed the next. They may be very moody & get angry very easily. It is sometimes very difficult for them and their families to cope with these mood swings.looking for a sense of personal identity, or to discover ‘who they are’. One way is by reacting against their parents’ ideas about politics or religion or by drinking and smoking.Insecurity can be a part of adolescent emotional development. It is a time when our personality is developed, based on our individual characteristics, habits and experiences.need to develop independence from their parents. Parents’ opinions become less important to them than the opinions of other adolescents. It becomes very important for them to fit in with their peer group & gain their approval. It may become important to wear the right clothes or listen to the right kind of music to fit in with a group.In early adolescence teenagers tend to do things together in groups. It is in group situations that experimental behaviour takes place such as trying alcohol or drugs.With increasing sexual maturity, adolescents begin to look for a partner; they may start to experiment with sexual relationships.GirlsPrimary sexual characteristicsThe uterus enlarges and the vagina lengthens.The ovaries begin to release eggsThe menstrual cycle commencesSecondary sexual characteristicsBreasts develop and the areola (the area around the nipple) swells and darknessHair grows in armpits and pubic area.Redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen.BoysPrimary sexual characteristicsEnlargement of penis and testesSpontaneous erections caused by blood flowing into chambers in the penis may happenThe testicles begin to produce spermatozoa (sperm), beginning of ejaculationSecondary sexual characteristicsChanges in larynx (Adam’s apple) causing voice to deepen.Hair grows in armpits and pubic area, facial hair.Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat.PubertyPuberty is when a child’s body begins to develop and change as they become an adult. Girls develop breasts and start their periods, and boys develop a deeper voice and start to look like men. The average age for girls to begin puberty is 11, while for boys the average age is 12. But there’s no set timetable, so don’t worry if your child reaches puberty before or after their friends. It’s completely normal for puberty to begin at any point from the ages of 8 to 14. The process takes about four years overall.Primary Sexual characteristicsSecondary sexual characteristicsGirlsMenstruation beginsUterus and vagina growOvulation occursGrowth of armpit and pubic hairIncreased layers of fat under the skinBreasts enlargeGrowth spurtHips widenBoysPenis enlargesProstate gland produces secretionsTestes enlarge and produce spermGrowth of facial hairGrowth of armpit, chest and pubic hairIncreased muscleGrowth spurtLarynx (voice box) grows, causing the voice to deepen (break.Puberty can be a difficult time for children. They're coping with changes in their body, and possibly acne or body odour?as well, at a time when they feel self-conscious.Puberty can also be an exciting time, as children develop new emotions and feelings. But the "emotional rollercoaster" they’re on can have psychological and emotional effects, such as:unexplained mood swings low self-esteem aggression depression? The role of hormones in sexual developmentIn boys: The hormone testosterone is produced by the testes. It stimulates growth of the penis and testes, pubic hair growth, the development of muscle and lowering of the voice.In girls: The hormones oestrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovaries. They stimulate growth of the breasts and reproductive system and helps to regulate the menstrual cycle.-243444-18406800QuestionsPositive effects of peer relationshipsNegative effects of peer relationshipsList some issues that adolescents might face, that could impact on their self-esteem:34852601014300 right1973800center803758-1931879142500Adulthood 19-45 PIES SummaryPhysicalIntellectualEmotionalSocialAdults are fully mature and there is little growth. Adults tend to gain weight as they age, but this is probably due more to a sedentary (inactive) lifestyle, rather than the ageing process.Physical development is completed early in adulthood. Physical decline starts quite early, although at first it is too gradual to notice. An important physical development for women towards the end of this life stage is menopause, between the ages 45 – 55 women’s periods stop by hormonal changes, they can no longer have children. Some women feel a sense of loss when this happens.Intellectual development continues through adulthood. Getting a job involves learning new skills. If a person wants to progress in a career, these skills have to be developed and extended.Many skills are also needed when a person leaves home and lives independently. These include cooking and managing a home and a budget. All these have to be learned. Raising children also involves learning new skills.As adults age they react more slowly and find it more difficult to remember things under pressure. However to balance this they have learned from experience and are better at problem solving and making decisions. This compensates for any decline in intellectual ability over the life stage.When we leave home we have to be independent & self-reliant to cope. Living with a partner takes a high level of emotional maturity if the relationship is not to break down when there are problems.People have to understand their own emotions & those of their partner, & be able to control the way they respond to their emotions.Having children means accepting new responsibilities. Babies are very demanding & this can cause a lot of stress. Adults have to be emotionally mature to cope with this.new types of relationships- may have a partner or get married -this means making decisions, accepting responsibility & sharing. Relationships with parents change. Young adults start to relate to their parents more as equals. Parents realise that their offspring now take responsibility for themselves.Starting a job involves developing working relationships. Formal relationships like those at work where certain rules have to be followed and informal relationships such as friends – casual or social relationships.Later Adulthood PIES SummaryPhysicalIntellectualEmotional & SocialSkin wrinkles because of the loss of elasticity.Hair thins & goes grey; men often have hair loss.Bones are more fragile as thinning makes them lighter& more brittle, especially in women.Body organs are less efficient, including the heart, lungs, kidney & liver.Sight gets worse as the eye’s lens stiffens & is less able to focus on close objects, making reading more difficult. The retina becomes less sensitive to light, so an older person may need a brighter light.Hearing gets worse.Mobility may be affected as joints stiffen.Sense of taste and smell is reduced.Older people are more sensitive to cold, making them more at risk of hypothermia.Balance becomes poor & fall more likely.More difficulty in remembering things, especially under pressure. Their reaction times are also slower.However as they have more experience and judgement than a younger person, they may make better decisions as a result.Some older people become too confused to manage their own affairs. Confusion is different from dementia. Dementia is when actual brain cells stop functioning. This is permanent. Confusion is temporary and usually passes when the person is less flustered.A time of great social change for most people.The official age of retirement is 65 for men. Soon men and women will retire at the same age. As lifespan increases & people become increasingly active in later life, they will spend a larger part of their lives in retirement, unless the retirement age is increased.Some older people miss regular contact with workmates, others enjoy having more time to spend on their hobbies & interests. ? How people are affected may depend on their income.The children of older adults will probably be adults, living their own lives, sometimes far away. The older person may feel isolated & not needed, they may have the pleasures of grandchildren, without being responsible for themThey may suffer bereavement (death) of close friends, partners, and relatives) They have to adapt to a smaller social circle.QuestionsComparing & contrastingMenstruationMenopauseWhat is it?Why does it happen?When does it happen?Common symptoms experiencedTreatment optionsComplete the development of social relationshipsLife stageSocial developmentInfancy(0-2)Interacting with carers:Childhood(3-8)First social learning:Adolescence(9-18)Secondary social learning:Adulthood(19-65)Maturity:Older adulthood(65+)The development of independence.Life stageInfancy(0-2)Childhood(3-8)Adolescence(9-18)Adulthood(19-65)Older adulthood(65+)Practice QuestionsBaby Brad is 8 weeks old. He has been taken to the clinic to check that he is growing at the expected rate. A nurse checks his weight and will plot it on a chart. She is aware that infants triple their weight in their first year.Identify two other measurements that the nurse will take.Bobby is 5 months old. He has just started to roll over to his front from his back.Identify two gross motor skills that Bobby is likely to acquire in the next three months.Connor is 18 months old. His sister Amy is 3 years old. They are both meeting the expected milestones for their age.Outline the differences in their fine motor skills.Explain the differences between primary and secondary sexual characteristics.Outline the role of oestrogen in menopauseSami is 3 years old and has just started nursery. Sami is meeting the expected milestones in intellectual development. Sami loves to paint, play with sand and build towers with wooden blocks.Identify three features of Sami’s intellectual development in relation to the play activities at nursery.Nathan, aged 3 years, enjoys playing outdoors on the wheeled toys but gets frustrated when he has to wait his turn for a tricycle.With reference to Piaget’s theory: explain why Nathan might find it difficult to wait for his turn and describe when he will start to see things from other children’s perspectives.Saira is 3 years old. Explain two possible features of language development that help to explain how Saira has instinctively acquired language at her life stage, according to Chomsky.Carly is 13 years old. She has not yet reached puberty, but her two best friends have. They are both much taller than her, have started to develop breasts and are menstruating. Carly is receiving comments about her lack of development on social media.How might Carly’s experience affect her self-image?Eli is 20 months old. Identify suitable toys and resources that could be provided to encourage parallel play alongside his brother Kian, aged 3 years.Saeed is 4 years old and has just started school. He has a best friend called Nathan.Explain the possible effects of building friendships on Saeed’s social and emotional development. ................
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