Dietary assessment

Dietary Assessment

A resource guide to method selection and application in low resource settings

Dietary Assessment

A resource guide to method selection and application in low resource settings

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2018

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Recommended citation FAO. 2018. Dietary Assessment: A resource guide to method selection and application in low resource settings. Rome.

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Cover photo credits: Background photo: ?FAO/Ado Youssouf Front cover photos: ?FAO/Ruth Charrondiere ?FAO/Alessandra Benedetti ?FAO/Warren Lee ?FAO/Giulio Napolitano Back cover photos: ?FAO/Oliver Bunic ?FAO/Warren Lee ?FAO/Ami Vitale ?FAO/Ruth Charrondiere

Contents

1. introduction

1

2.Dietary assessment methods

3

2.1Indirect methods

3

2.1.1 Food Balance Sheets ? national food availability

4

2.1.2 Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys ? household food consumption 7

2.2Direct methods

10

2.2.1 Retrospective direct methods

10

2.2.1.1 Food frequency questionnaire

10

2.2.1.2 24-hour recall

18

2.2.1.3 Dietary history

24

2.2.2 Prospective direct methods

28

2.2.2.1 Estimated food records

28

2.2.2.2 Weighed food records

33

2.2.2.3 Duplicate meal method

37

2.3Integration of innovative technologies to improve dietary assessment

39

2.3.1 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

40

2.3.2 Image-assisted dietary assessment methods

40

2.3.3 Mobile-based technologies

41

2.3.4 Interactive computer and web-based technologies

43

2.3.5 Scan- and sensor-based technologies

43

2.3.6 Applications and uses of innovative technologies to improve dietary assessment 44

2.3.7 Validation of innovative technologies to improve dietary assessment

45

2.3.8 Strengths and limitations of innovative technologies to improve dietary

assessment methods

46

2.4 Qualitative retrospective proxy tools for assessing dietary diversity

51

2.4.1 Minimum Dietary Diversity ?Women (MDD-W)

52

2.4.2 Infant and Young Child Dietary Diversity Score (IYCDDS)

53

2.4.3 Applications and uses of individual level dietary diversity score

54

2.4.4 Validity of individual level dietary diversity score

55

2.4.5 Strengths and limitations of individual level dietary diversity scores

56

3.Methodological considerations

59

3.1Sources of dietary variation

59

3.2Individual, community and culturally?specific issues in low resource settings

61

3.3Intra-household food distribution, shared eating occasions and street food

63

3.4Estimation of portion size

63

3.5Availability of food composition data

64

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