CK-12 Biology Quizzes and

CK-12 Biology Quizzes and Tests (With Answers)

Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. (DougW) Margaret Lynch, Ph.D. (MargaretL)

Doris Kraus, (DorisW) Jean Brainard, Ph.D. (JeanB)

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Printed: August 28, 2017

AUTHORS Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. (DougW) Margaret Lynch, Ph.D. (MargaretL) Doris Kraus, (DorisW) Jean Brainard, Ph.D. (JeanB)

EDITOR Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.

CONTRIBUTOR Doris Kraus, (DorisW)

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Contents



Contents

1 What is Biology? Assessments

1

1.1 Science and the Natural World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Biology: The Study of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.3 What is Biology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 The Chemistry of Life Assessments

12

2.1 Matter and Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2 Biochemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3 Water, Acids, and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.4 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3 Cellular Structure and Function Assessments

26

3.1 Introduction to Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2 Cell Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.3 Cell Transport and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.4 Cellular Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Assessments

40

4.1 Energy for Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.2 Photosynthesis: Sugar as Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.3 Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.4 Anaerobic Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5 The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis Assessments

57

5.1 Cell Division and the Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

5.2 Chromosomes and Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5.3 Reproduction and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5.4 The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6 Gregor Mendel and Genetics Assessments

71

6.1 Mendel's Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

6.2 Mendelian Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

6.3 Gregor Mendel and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

7 Molecular Genetics: From DNA to Proteins Assessments

82

7.1 DNA and RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

7.2 Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

7.3 Mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

7.4 Regulation of Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

7.5 Molecular Genetics: From DNA to Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

8 Human Genetics and Biotechnology Assessments

99

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8.1 Human Chromosomes and Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.2 Human Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 8.3 Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 8.4 Human Genetics and Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

9 Life: From the First Organism Onward Assessments

113

9.1 Earth Forms and Life Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

9.2 The Evolution of Multicellular Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

9.3 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

9.4 Life: From the First Organism Onward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

10 The Theory of Evolution Assessments

127

10.1 Darwin and the Theory of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

10.2 Evidence for Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

10.3 Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

10.4 Macroevolution and the Origin of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

10.5 The Theory of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

11 The Principles of Ecology Assessments

144

11.1 The Science of Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

11.2 Recycling Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

11.3 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

11.4 The Principles of Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

12 Communities and Populations Assessments

158

12.1 Community Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

12.2 Characteristics of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

12.3 Human Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

12.4 The Biodiversity Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

12.5 Natural Resources and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

12.6 Communities and Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

13 Microorganisms: Prokaryotes and Viruses Assessments

178

13.1 Prokaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

13.2 Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

13.3 Microorganisms: Prokaryotes and Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

14 Eukaryotes: Protists and Fungi Assessments

189

14.1 Introduction to Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

14.2 Types of Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

14.3 Introduction to Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

14.4 Ecology of Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

14.5 Protists, Fungi, and Human Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

14.6 Eukaryotes: Protists and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

15 Plant Evolution and Classification Assessments

209

15.1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

15.2 Four Types of Modern Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

15.3 Plant Evolution and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

16 Plant Biology Assessments

220

16.1 Plant Tissues and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

16.2 Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

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16.3 Variation in Plant Life Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 16.4 Plant Adaptations and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 16.5 Plant Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

17 Introduction to Animals Assessments

239

17.1 Overview of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

17.2 Overview of Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

17.3 Introduction to Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

18 From Sponges to Invertebrate Chordates Assessments

250

18.1 Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

18.2 Mollusks and Annelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

18.3 Arthropods and Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

18.4 Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

18.5 From Sponges to Invertebrate Chordates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

19 From Fish to Birds Assessments

267

19.1 Overview of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

19.2 Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

19.3 Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

19.4 Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

19.5 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

19.6 From Fish to Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

20 Mammals and Animal Behavior Assessments

287

20.1 Mammalian Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

20.2 Reproduction in Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

20.3 Evolution and Classification of Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

20.4 Overview of Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

20.5 Mammals and Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

21 Introduction to the Human Body: Bones, Muscles, and Skin Assessments

304

21.1 Organization of the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

21.2 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

21.3 The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

21.4 The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

21.5 Introduction to the Human Body: Bones, Muscles, and Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

22 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Assessments

321

22.1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

22.2 The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

22.3 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

23 The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems Assessments

333

23.1 The Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

23.2 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

23.3 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

23.4 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

23.5 The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

24 The Immune System and Disease Assessments

350

24.1 Nonspecific Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

24.2 The Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

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24.3 Immune System Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 24.4 Environmental Problems and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 24.5 The Immune System and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

25 Reproduction and Human Development Assessments

367

25.1 Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

25.2 Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

25.3 From Fertilization to Old Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

25.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

25.5 Reproduction and Human Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

26 Biology Unit Assessments

384

26.1 Unit 1: Introduction to Biology Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

26.2 Unit 2: Cell Biology Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

26.3 Unit 3: Genetics Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

26.4 Unit 4: Evolution Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

26.5 Unit 5: Ecology Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

26.6 Unit 6: Microorganisms and Fungi Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

26.7 Unit 7: Plants Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

26.8 Unit 8: Invertebrates Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

26.9 Unit 9: Animals Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

26.10 Unit 10: Human Biology Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

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1 CHAPTER

Chapter Outline

1.1

SCIENCE AND THE NATURAL WORLD

1.2

BIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF LIFE

1.3

WHAT IS BIOLOGY?

Chapter 1. What is Biology? Assessments

What is Biology? Assessments

1

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