Life Science



Life Science

Chapter 12

“The Invertebrates”

-------------------------------- Quiz 12A [ON] pages 250-251 ---------------------------------

---------------------------- Quiz 12B [SA and MA] notes 1-13 begins here ---------------------------------

1. Sponges have pores along the side of their body which pump in water. This water bring food and oxygen in and pumps out waste.

2. All sponges live in water and most live in the ocean.

3. Adult sponges are sessile—they are unable to move from place to place.

4. Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually.

5. sponges skeleton are made of

a. sponging—a flexible fibrous protein

b. spicules-stiff spikes made of calcium carbonate or silica or both

6. body of the sponge acts like a pump

7. pore cells—pores in he wall of the sponge that allow water to enter

8. osculum—a hollow, central cavity and large opening near the top which water is expelled

9. collar cells line the central cavity

10. flagella—hair-like extensions

11. The flagella move in a whip-like motion that causes the water to flow in through the small pores, pass the cavity and exit through the large opening.

12. sponges are filter feeders—filter water to obtain their food.

13. label the parts of a sponge (Collar, Collar Cells, Flagellum, Osculum, and Spicles)

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-------------------------------- Quiz 12B [SA and MA] notes 1-13 ends here ---------------------------------

-------------------------------- Quiz 12C [MC] notes 14-28 begins here ---------------------------------

14. Jellyfish are in the phylum Cnidaria

15. Jellyfish have a central cavity surrounded by two tissue layers

16. their mouths are tentacles with stinging cells

17. radial symmetry—they can be divided into equal halves by any plane along the length of the organisms (top and bottom but no left or right side)

18. Cnidarian have two general body shapes: umbrella or tubular

19. umbrella shape is called a medusa (an adult jelly fish)

20. tubular shape is called a polyp

21. Cnidarians may be

a. either free-swimming or sessile

b. Reproduce asexually or sexually

22. hydrostatic skeleton—a skeleton supported by the water that fills it

23. gastovascular cavity—where the jellyfish digests its food

24. jellyfish have only one body opening—the mouth—food goes into and waste moves out

25. external digestion—enzymes break down foot in the gastrovascular cavity (these small pieces of food then enter cells and expels what it cannot digest)

26. nematocysts—painful stingers found in special cells on the outer layer of the jellyfish

27. Jellyfish do not use their tentacles to swim

28. jet propulsion—water is forced out of the jellyfish’s gastrovascular cavity and moves it along

-------------------------------- Quiz 12C [MC] notes 14-28 ends here ---------------------------------

-------------------------------- Quiz 12D [MA] notes 29-43 begins here ---------------------------------

29. bilateral symmetry—two equal sides to the animal

30. one side is a mirror of the other

31. Most flatworms are parasitic.

32. ganglion—‘simple brain’-each one is responsible for a different area of the body or different set of responses

33. transverse nerves—run down the side of the organisms that give it the look of a ladder

34. stimulus—something that causes a reaction in an organism

35. Planarians have eyespots that are sensitive only to the presence or absence of light.

36. Planarians can come out at night (absence of light) it can come out and feed in safety.

37. cilia on the underside of the planarian, help it glide over underwater surfaces

38. pharynx—muscular tube extends out and sucks food into the intestine

39. flame cells—cilia that move water and waste through the tubes to tiny holes called excretory pores

40. excretory pores—allows the water and waste to exit the planarian

41. hermaphroditic—organisms with both male and female reproductive organs

42. Planarian can reproduce asexually (regeneration) or sexually.

43. round worms are found in the intestine of some animals.

-------------------------------- Quiz 12D [MA] notes 29-43 ends here ---------------------------------

------------------------------ Quiz 12E [MC] notes 44-57 begins here --------------------------------

44. epidermis—thin skin that covers the body, must remain moist

45. cuticle—thin coating the earthworm secrets to protect it from harmful parasites and substances

46. earthworms have two sets of muscles:

a. arranged in a circle around the earthworms body—helps it become longer and thinner

b. arranged in long strips running from the head to the tail—helps worm become short and wide

47. setae—tiny bristles that are on each segment of an earthworms body

48. sensory receptor—senses a stimulus then starts an impulse traveling along a nerve cell

49. nerve cord—bundle of nerve tissue that begins at the two large ganglia and continues to the tail end of the worm

50. an earthworm eats the soil as it forms tunnels

51. casting—an earthworms waste

52. As the earthworms burrows, it loosens the soil so it can hold more air and water.

53. earthworms have a closed circulatory system—the blood never leaves the vessels

54. Dorsal blood vessels on the back of the earthworms body act as the heart pumping blood forward.

55. the earthworm exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide through its moist skin.

56. Earthworm can go for several hours without new oxygen but after a big rain, it must come to the surface to get air.

57. Earthworms reproduce sexually but can reproduce certain body parts.

------------------------------ Quiz 12E [MC] notes 44-57 ends here --------------------------------

------------------------------ Quiz 12F [OB] pages 262-265 begins here --------------------------------

58. We use mollusks

a. to eat

b. make things from them

c. sometimes they are serious pests.

59. each arm of the octopus has muscles that allow it to move its arm in any direction

60. its mouth is located under the ‘head’ in the center of its arms

61. the octopus can regenerate a new arm

62. the octopus has a soft body and can be easily damaged—it may release an inky black fluid to serve as a ‘smoke screen’ to escape from danger

63. its thin, flexible skin allows it to fit into cracks and rocks and completely change its body shape

64. the octopus can move

a. slow: using arms—suctions itself to an object and pulls itself forward

b. quickly: muscle forces water through a tube called a siphon

65. an octopus has special pigments to change colors to blend into its background

66. the clam produces shells to protects its body

67. clam with two shells is a bivalve

68. clam with one shell is a univalve

69. the clams body manufactures materials that form layers of shell—the oldest part is the thickest

70. muscular foot—they use it to dig into the sand and pull themselves forward

71. filter feeders—they dig into the sand and send two tubes called siphons out to the water, one siphon draws water which contains particles into the shell and the other sends the water away and removes waste

72. starfish have a water-vascular system—tiny tube feet on the bottom of each ray that function like suction cups. It uses them to attach to a surface and pull itself along

73. To eat a clam, the starfish pulls on both sides of its shell. The clam eventually grows tired and gives up allowing the starfish to slightly open the clam. The star fish turns its stomach inside out and its digestive juices digest the soft part of the clam.

------------------------------ Quiz 12F [OB] pages 262-265 ends here --------------------------------

------------------------------ Quiz 12G [OB] page 266-270 begins here --------------------------------

74. Arthropods serve as

a. Pollinators

b. Decomposers

c. Crop eaters

d. Disease carriers

e. Parasites

75. exoskeleton—a hard, nonliving outer covering that support and protects the animal

76. three section of an insects body:

a. head

b. thorax (middle part)

c. abdomen

d. 3 pairs of legs (6 total)

e. Compound eyes

77. Insects are the only invertebrate that can fly.

78. The grasshopper has an open circulatory system meaning the blood flows over all internal parts of its body.

79. A grasshoppers blood, like many insects, is colorless because it carries mainly food and waste and has very little to do with oxygen transportation.

80. Air is pumped in and carbon dioxide is released through holes called spiracles which are in tubes called tracheae.

81. Harmful insects can be destroyed by clogging these holes so it cannot breathe.

82. metamorphosis—a change in body form

83. molting—an insect sheds their old exoskeleton and replaces it with a new one

84. incomplete metamorphosis—when an insects looks about the same each time it molts

85. complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult

86. popular larva

a. caterpillar—butterfly

b. maggot—flies

c. grubs—beetle

87. the pupa is the resting stage during which the larva uses the food it has eaten to change in the body shape of the adult insect

88. the caterpillar eats and swells until it fills its exoskeleton

89. When the caterpillar molts out of the pupa stage, it cannot mold again.

90. Most butterflies die soon after they have mated and the female has laid a set of eggs.

------------------------------ Quiz 12G [OB] page 266-270 ends here --------------------------------

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spicules

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