Ch 13 and 14 Sherman Test - Weebly



|Scientific Rev and Enlightenment |Scientific Rev and Enlightenment (answers) |

|The religious attitude of most early scientists was |The religious attitude of most early scientists was |

|That they were investigating the universe created by God |That they were investigating the universe created by God |

|A strong skepticism caused by their scientific observations |A strong skepticism caused by their scientific observations |

|A revived paganism caused by their admiration for classical antiquity |A revived paganism caused by their admiration for classical antiquity |

|A growing interest in oriental philosophy |A growing interest in oriental philosophy |

|That God had not place in the world of science |That God had not place in the world of science |

| | |

|Many scientists believe that Galileo's greatest contribution was not his |Many scientists believe that Galileo's greatest contribution was not his |

|telescopic observations but |telescopic observations but |

|His development of physical laws that overturned Aristotle's physics |His development of physical laws that overturned Aristotle's physics |

|His support of neo-Platonic philosophy |His support of neo-Platonic philosophy |

|His proof of the effects of gravity |His proof of the effects of gravity |

|His work in the field of mathematics |His work in the field of mathematics |

|His support of the Geocentric theory |His support of the Geocentric theory |

| | |

|Newton made many important scientific discoveries, the most important of which was|Newton made many important scientific discoveries, the most important of which was|

| | |

|The circulation of the blood |The circulation of the blood |

|The discovery of the satellites of Jupiter |The discovery of the satellites of Jupiter |

|The discovery of how gravitation holds the universe together |The discovery of how gravitation holds the universe together |

|The invention of the microscope |The invention of the microscope |

|The discovery of the working of the circulatory system |The discovery of the working of the circulatory system |

| | |

|The importance of Francis Bacon and René Descartes in the Scientific Revolution |The importance of Francis Bacon and René Descartes in the Scientific Revolution |

|stems from |stems from |

|Their work with Robert Boyle on the foundations of modern chemistry |Their work with Robert Boyle on the foundations of modern chemistry |

|Their ideas on observation, experimentation, and mathematics helped establish the |Their ideas on observation, experimentation, and mathematics helped establish the |

|methodology of science |methodology of science |

|Their astronomical observations confirmed Newton's work |Their astronomical observations confirmed Newton's work |

|Their outspoken protest against the Inquisition's condemnation of Galileo |Their outspoken protest against the Inquisition's condemnation of Galileo |

|Their rejection of mathematics as a tool of science |Their rejection of mathematics as a tool of science |

| | |

|By the end of the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th Centuries, |By the end of the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th Centuries, |

|New technology developed by scientists had transformed European ways of life |New technology developed by scientists had transformed European ways of life |

|Science claimed precedence over religion in explaining the material world |Science claimed precedence over religion in explaining the material world |

|Scientific progress virtually ended, not to be resumed until the middle of the |Scientific progress virtually ended, not to be resumed until the middle of the |

|19th century |19th century |

|The Scientific community had discovered the natural laws which governed human |The Scientific community had discovered the natural laws which governed human |

|society |society |

|All of the above |All of the above |

| | |

| | |

|Which of the following was not characteristic of the Enlightenment? |Which of the following was not characteristic of the Enlightenment? |

|A firm conviction that human reason should determine the understanding of the |A firm conviction that human reason should determine the understanding of the |

|world and the rules of social life |world and the rules of social life |

|It had a great amount of influence on European and American elites |It had a great amount of influence on European and American elites |

|The popularization of science |The popularization of science |

|It was dominated by Italian and Spanish thinkers |It was dominated by Italian and Spanish thinkers |

|That human instinct was a greater guide than reason |That human instinct was a greater guide than reason |

| | |

|Which of the following is not an idea discussed by Voltaire in his writings? |Which of the following is not an idea discussed by Voltaire in his writings? |

|The scientific ideas of Newton |The scientific ideas of Newton |

|Complete social egalitarianism |Complete social egalitarianism |

|Skepticism about religious doctrines |Skepticism about religious doctrines |

|Upholding of religious toleration |Upholding of religious toleration |

|Greater freedom of thought |Greater freedom of thought |

| | |

|Which of the following ideas is not found in John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil|Which of the following ideas is not found in John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil|

|Government? |Government? |

|Natural rights include life, liberty, and property |Natural rights include life, liberty, and property |

|The people have a right to overthrow a government that violates their natural |The people have a right to overthrow a government that violates their natural |

|rights |rights |

|The powers of government are strictly limited |The powers of government are strictly limited |

|Monarchy is the only proper form of government |Monarchy is the only proper form of government |

|The state of nature is preferable to any form of government |The state of nature is preferable to any form of government |

| | |

|Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract is still controversial because |Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract is still controversial because |

|It denounced all religion, even Deism, as superstition |It denounced all religion, even Deism, as superstition |

|Its concept of the general will can be used to support both participatory |Its concept of the general will can be used to support both participatory |

|democracy and an authoritarian regime |democracy and an authoritarian regime |

|It tried to justify abortion |It tried to justify abortion |

|It advocated strict separation of the sexes |It advocated strict separation of the sexes |

|It advocated universal public education |It advocated universal public education |

| | |

|Which of the following thinkers is not properly connected to the book or idea that|Which of the following thinkers is not properly connected to the book or idea that|

|made him famous? |made him famous? |

|Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Spirit of the Laws |Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Spirit of the Laws |

|François Quesnay, Physiocracy and laissez-faire |François Quesnay, Physiocracy and laissez-faire |

|Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations |Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations |

|Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments |Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments |

|John Locke second Teatise on Civil Government |John Locke second Teatise on Civil Government |

| | |

| | |

Agriculture Revolution and Commercial Revolution/ 18th century

|43. The Diplomatic Revolution |43. The Diplomatic Revolution |

|A) Was an unexpected alliance of Austrian and Prussia to resolve the Silesian |A) Was an unexpected alliance of Austrian and Prussia to resolve the Silesian |

|issue through an annexation of Poland |issue through an annexation of Poland |

|B) Was an alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Turks to partition some |B) Was an alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Turks to partition some |

|independent Moslem principalities between them. |independent Moslem principalities between them. |

|C) Was an unlikely alliance of France and England to take advantage of the |C) Was an unlikely alliance of France and England to take advantage of the |

|situation in central Europe caused by the Thirty Years' War |situation in central Europe caused by the Thirty Years' War |

|D) Occurred because Maria Theresa sought new allies in an effort to retake |D) Occurred because Maria Theresa sought new allies in an effort to retake |

|Silesia from Frederick the Great of Prussia |Silesia from Frederick the Great of Prussia |

| | |

|44. The major geopolitical result of the Wars of the Austrian Succession and the |44. The major geopolitical result of the Wars of the Austrian Succession and the |

|Seven Years' War combined was |Seven Years' War combined was |

|A) Prussia and Russia were confirmed as major European powers |A) Prussia and Russia were confirmed as major European powers |

|B) Austria disappeared from the European map |B) Austria disappeared from the European map |

|C) Britain emerged as a major continental European power |C) Britain emerged as a major continental European power |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|58. Although Joseph II undertook reforms where Frederick the Great feared to |58. Although Joseph II undertook reforms where Frederick the Great feared to |

|tread-such as freedom for serfs and greater toleration of Jews-he ultimately |tread-such as freedom for serfs and greater toleration of Jews-he ultimately |

|failed because |failed because |

|A) He was overthrown as part of the French Revolution |A) He was overthrown as part of the French Revolution |

|B) His chief minister, the Cardinal Richelieu, sabotaged his reforms |B) His chief minister, the Cardinal Richelieu, sabotaged his reforms |

|C) He did not really believe in his reforms, and failed to push them hard enough |C) He did not really believe in his reforms, and failed to push them hard enough |

|D) His reforms were often ill-conceived and autocratically imposed, not only |D) His reforms were often ill-conceived and autocratically imposed, not only |

|alienating the powerful, but even those whom the reforms were supposed to help |alienating the powerful, but even those whom the reforms were supposed to help |

| | |

|61. An important part of the new agricultural methods in Great Britain was |61. An important part of the new agricultural methods in Great Britain was |

|A) An imposition of serfdom based on the pattern of Eastern Europe |A) An imposition of serfdom based on the pattern of Eastern Europe |

|B) The development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process and the loss|B) The development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process and the loss|

|of land by the smaller farmers |of land by the smaller farmers |

|C) A massive flocking to the land by the inhabitants of the cities |C) A massive flocking to the land by the inhabitants of the cities |

|D) The division of large blocks of land into long, narrow strips, with a |D) The division of large blocks of land into long, narrow strips, with a |

|three-year crop rotation |three-year crop rotation |

| | |

|65 Population growth during the 18th century |65 Population growth during the 18th century |

|A) Helps explain the political strength of France, Britain, and Russia |A) Helps explain the political strength of France, Britain, and Russia |

|B) Was partially caused by the availability of more and better food |B) Was partially caused by the availability of more and better food |

|C) Was aided by better urban sanitation practice |C) Was aided by better urban sanitation practice |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

| | |

|67. Which of the following best describes the enclosure movement? |67. Which of the following best describes the enclosure movement? |

|A. A system of high tariffs erected by Philip II of Spain |A. A system of high tariffs erected by Philip II of Spain |

|B. A military maneuver developed by Henry V of England |B. A military maneuver developed by Henry V of England |

|C. The fencing of common farmland in England for private use |C. The fencing of common farmland in England for private use |

|D. A network of improved roads and bridges |D. A network of improved roads and bridges |

|E. The erection of a fortified line between France and Germany |E. The erection of a fortified line between France and Germany |

French Revolution

|38. The French Revolution was in part precipitated |38. The French Revolution was in part precipitated |

|A) By the ambitions of Napoleon Bonaparte |A) By the ambitions of Napoleon Bonaparte |

|B) By a conspiracy headed by Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau |B) By a conspiracy headed by Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau |

|C) By a major financial crisis that weakened monarchical government |C) By a major financial crisis that weakened monarchical government |

|D) By the defeat of the French army in America by George Washington |D) By the defeat of the French army in America by George Washington |

| | |

|40. The most important cause of the French financial crisis of the late 1780's |40. The most important cause of the French financial crisis of the late 1780's |

|was |was |

|A) Growing poverty caused by the collapse of trade with Canada |A) Growing poverty caused by the collapse of trade with Canada |

|B) An inadequate taxation and banking system |B) An inadequate taxation and banking system |

|C) A massive refusal to pay taxes, caused by the spread of Enlightenment ideas |C) A massive refusal to pay taxes, caused by the spread of Enlightenment ideas |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|46. In spite of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |46. In spite of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |

|A) Women did not receive political rights |A) Women did not receive political rights |

|B) Sovereignty still resided in the person of the king |B) Sovereignty still resided in the person of the king |

|C) Freedom of religion was still restricted |C) Freedom of religion was still restricted |

|D) Press criticism of the National Assembly was forbidden |D) Press criticism of the National Assembly was forbidden |

|49. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy |49. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy |

|A) Was approved by the pope |A) Was approved by the pope |

|B) Divided the French Catholic population |B) Divided the French Catholic population |

|C) Established Protestantism in France |C) Established Protestantism in France |

|D) Was the idea of Napoleon Bonaparte |D) Was the idea of Napoleon Bonaparte |

| | |

|51. The Parisian sans-culottes |51. The Parisian sans-culottes |

|A) Joined with the aristocracy to oppose the Revolution |A) Joined with the aristocracy to oppose the Revolution |

|B) Were Girondins rather than Jacobins |B) Were Girondins rather than Jacobins |

|C) Were the backbone of Parisian radicalism and egalitarianism during the French |C) Were the backbone of Parisian radicalism and egalitarianism during the French |

|Revolution |Revolution |

|D) Were strong supporters of the Enlightenment |D) Were strong supporters of the Enlightenment |

| | |

|54. The Jacobins and the Girondins |54. The Jacobins and the Girondins |

|A) Opposed the proclamation of the Republic by the Convention |A) Opposed the proclamation of the Republic by the Convention |

|B) Were rival revolutionary political factions in the National Convention |B) Were rival revolutionary political factions in the National Convention |

|C) Supported the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte |C) Supported the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte |

|D) Were important religious movements in the 18th century |D) Were important religious movements in the 18th century |

| |57. The major purpose of the Terror during the French Revolution was |

|57. The major purpose of the Terror during the French Revolution was |A) To protect the new French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands|

|A) To protect the new French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands|by the sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies |

|by the sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies |B) To enact the feminist program of Manon Roland and Olympe de Gouges |

|B) To enact the feminist program of Manon Roland and Olympe de Gouges |C) To favor the political ambitions of Danton and Robespierre |

|C) To favor the political ambitions of Danton and Robespierre |D) To secure the rule of Napoleon after he seized power |

|D) To secure the rule of Napoleon after he seized power | |

| |68. As part of his effort to consolidate his rule in France, Napoleon Bonaparte |

|68. As part of his effort to consolidate his rule in France, Napoleon Bonaparte |did all of the following except |

|did all of the following except |A) Enact the Napoleonic Code, which secured equal rights for all French men, but |

|A) Enact the Napoleonic Code, which secured equal rights for all French men, but |left women subordinate |

|left women subordinate |B) Establish a Bank of France to handle government funds |

|B) Establish a Bank of France to handle government funds |C) Sign a Concordat with the Papacy to end religious problems caused by the |

|C) Sign a Concordat with the Papacy to end religious problems caused by the |Revolution |

|Revolution |D) Establish free, democratic elections |

|D) Establish free, democratic elections | |

| |69. In his military career, Napoleon invaded all of the following except |

|69. In his military career, Napoleon invaded all of the following except |A) Russia |

|A) Russia |B) Spain |

|B) Spain |C) Austria |

|C) Austria |D) Britain |

|D) Britain | |

|71. In those parts of Europe directly ruled by Napoleon or by his relatives, the |71. In those parts of Europe directly ruled by Napoleon or by his relatives, the |

|following occurred |following occurred |

|A) The imposition of serfdom on the peasantry, if this had not already been done |A) The imposition of serfdom on the peasantry, if this had not already been done |

|B) The closing of all Catholic Churches |B) The closing of all Catholic Churches |

|C) Major tax cuts |C) Major tax cuts |

|D) The imposition of the Napoleonic Code |D) The imposition of the Napoleonic Code |

| | |

|75. Napoleon's invasion of Russia failed for several reasons, including |75. Napoleon's invasion of Russia failed for several reasons, including |

|A) Russia was a vast desert, and his armies soon got lost |A) Russia was a vast desert, and his armies soon got lost |

|B) He brought too few men into Russia, not even 100,000 |B) He brought too few men into Russia, not even 100,000 |

|C) His army was crushed by the Russian army at Borodino |C) His army was crushed by the Russian army at Borodino |

|D) He faced a lack of adequate supplies and a hard, cold winter |D) He faced a lack of adequate supplies and a hard, cold winter |

Industrialization

|[pic] |[pic] |

|Use the cartoon above to answer questions 29 and 30 |Use the cartoon above to answer questions 29 and 30 |

|29. Which of the following best describes the action above? |29. Which of the following best describes the action above? |

|a. Irate potato farmers attacking wheat processing machines |a. Irate potato farmers attacking wheat processing machines |

|b. Feminists destroying the printing presses of Edmund Burke |b. Feminists destroying the printing presses of Edmund Burke |

|c. Artisans destroying weaving machines |c. Artisans destroying weaving machines |

|d. Manorial serfs cooperating in the creation of milling machinery |d. Manorial serfs cooperating in the creation of milling machinery |

|e. German nationalists smashing the office of the censor for the German |e. German nationalists smashing the office of the censor for the German |

|Confederation |Confederation |

| | |

|30. What was the name given to the people found in this cartoon? |30. What was the name given to the people found in this cartoon? |

|a. Luddites! b. Red Shirts! c. Magyars! ! d. Peterloos! e. Junkers |a. Luddites! b. Red Shirts! c. Magyars! ! d. Peterloos! e. Junkers |

| | |

|29. British advantages over continental European countries during the early |29. British advantages over continental European countries during the early |

|Industrial Revolution included |Industrial Revolution included |

|A) Good water transportation |A) Good water transportation |

|B) Major supplies of coal and iron ore |B) Major supplies of coal and iron ore |

|C) The ability to mobilize capital for industrial development |C) The ability to mobilize capital for industrial development |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|41. The social structure of Europe in the 19th century during the period of |41. The social structure of Europe in the 19th century during the period of |

|industrialization was altered by |industrialization was altered by |

|A) The growing prosperity of the middle classes and the growth of an industrial |A) The growing prosperity of the middle classes and the growth of an industrial |

|working class |working class |

|B) The growth of the peasant class because of the population increase |B) The growth of the peasant class because of the population increase |

|C) The collapse of the urban working class because of the growth of cottage |C) The collapse of the urban working class because of the growth of cottage |

|industry |industry |

|D) The continuing growth of the landed aristocracy |D) The continuing growth of the landed aristocracy |

| | |

|42. The British working class in the early Industrial Revolution |42. The British working class in the early Industrial Revolution |

|A) Often worked sixteen hours a day, six days a week |A) Often worked sixteen hours a day, six days a week |

|B) Worked for very low wages but had good job security |B) Worked for very low wages but had good job security |

|C) Often earned less than their agricultural counterparts |C) Often earned less than their agricultural counterparts |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|47. The major epidemic disease of the early 19th century was |47. The major epidemic disease of the early 19th century was |

|A) Cholera |A) Cholera |

|B) Smallpox |B) Smallpox |

|C) Bubonic plague |C) Bubonic plague |

|D) Influenza |D) Influenza |

|50. The new industrial world changed the role of middle class women because |50. The new industrial world changed the role of middle class women because |

|A) Paid employees did much of the business work once done by the middle class |A) Paid employees did much of the business work once done by the middle class |

|wife |wife |

|B) Middle class women began to have more servants to lighten their domestic tasks|B) Middle class women began to have more servants to lighten their domestic tasks|

|that they had also performed in addition to their business duties |that they had also performed in addition to their business duties |

|C) Middle class women began to pay more personal attention to the rearing of |C) Middle class women began to pay more personal attention to the rearing of |

|their children |their children |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|51. The growing differentiation in the 19th century between men's and women's |51. The growing differentiation in the 19th century between men's and women's |

|spheres of activity |spheres of activity |

|A) Led to men forcing women to be confined to the houses, derived of any chance |A) Led to men forcing women to be confined to the houses, derived of any chance |

|at public activity |at public activity |

|B) Led to a decline in the numbers of servants, forcing middle class women to do |B) Led to a decline in the numbers of servants, forcing middle class women to do |

|more of the housework |more of the housework |

|C) Meant that men exclusively determined all aspects of a family's social life |C) Meant that men exclusively determined all aspects of a family's social life |

|D) Ironically gave women more power and influence in religious, social, and |D) Ironically gave women more power and influence in religious, social, and |

|cultural matters, because these things were part of their sphere |cultural matters, because these things were part of their sphere |

| | |

“ism”/ Revolutions

|39. The concert of Europe, with its Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance, tried |39. The concert of Europe, with its Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance, tried |

|to secure the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna by |to secure the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna by |

|A) Supporting liberal movements in Europe |A) Supporting liberal movements in Europe |

|B) Repressing revolutionary movements in Europe |B) Repressing revolutionary movements in Europe |

|C) Promoting industrial development |C) Promoting industrial development |

|D) Promoting the secular principles of the Enlightenment |D) Promoting the secular principles of the Enlightenment |

| | |

|40. The idea that the social and political order was based on a hierarchy of |40. The idea that the social and political order was based on a hierarchy of |

|institutions whose legitimacy was based on God and tradition was the 19th Century|institutions whose legitimacy was based on God and tradition was the 19th Century|

|ideology of |ideology of |

|A) Liberalism |A) Liberalism |

|B) Socialism |B) Socialism |

|C) Protestantism |C) Protestantism |

|D) Conservatism |D) Conservatism |

| | |

|41. The idea that government should be limited by constitutions, that voting |41. The idea that government should be limited by constitutions, that voting |

|rights should be extended, and individual freedoms promoted, were parts of the |rights should be extended, and individual freedoms promoted, were parts of the |

|early 19th Century ideology called |early 19th Century ideology called |

|A) Socialism |A) Socialism |

|B) Catholicism |B) Catholicism |

|C) Liberalism |C) Liberalism |

|D) Conservatism |D) Conservatism |

| | |

|47. The Enlightenment writer who is considered a founder of the Romantic |47. The Enlightenment writer who is considered a founder of the Romantic |

|movements is |movements is |

|A) Rousseau |A) Rousseau |

|B) Voltaire |B) Voltaire |

|C) Locke |C) Locke |

|D) Montesquieu |D) Montesquieu |

| | |

|49. 19th Century Romanticism stressed |49. 19th Century Romanticism stressed |

|A) A strong appreciation for nature |A) A strong appreciation for nature |

|B) A strong appreciation of the art and culture of the Middle Ages |B) A strong appreciation of the art and culture of the Middle Ages |

|C) An emotional approach to Christianity |C) An emotional approach to Christianity |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|50. A major principle of early 19th Century Utopian Socialists was |50. A major principle of early 19th Century Utopian Socialists was |

|A) Violent revolution |A) Violent revolution |

|B) Voluntary cooperation and an end to competitive individualism |B) Voluntary cooperation and an end to competitive individualism |

|C) A strictly regimented society led by the socialist leaders |C) A strictly regimented society led by the socialist leaders |

|D) None of the above |D) None of the above |

| | |

|55. Between 1815 and 1848, the governments of continental Europe were usually |55. Between 1815 and 1848, the governments of continental Europe were usually |

|dominated by the principle of |dominated by the principle of |

|A) Conservatism |A) Conservatism |

|B) Liberalism |B) Liberalism |

|C) Socialism |C) Socialism |

|D) Utopianism |D) Utopianism |

| | |

|59. The Revolution of 1830 in France |59. The Revolution of 1830 in France |

|A) Was in part caused by the acts of Charles X, who reversed the moderate |A) Was in part caused by the acts of Charles X, who reversed the moderate |

|policies of Louis XVIII and committed himself to the ultraroyalist faction |policies of Louis XVIII and committed himself to the ultraroyalist faction |

|B) Led to a new king, Louis Philippe, and more liberal policies, but not to a |B) Led to a new king, Louis Philippe, and more liberal policies, but not to a |

|republic |republic |

|C) Was called the July Revolution because it took place in that month |C) Was called the July Revolution because it took place in that month |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|60. Which of the following revolutions of 1830 is correctly described? |60. Which of the following revolutions of 1830 is correctly described? |

|A) Belgium-successful because Belgium succeeded in winning independence from the |A) Belgium-successful because Belgium succeeded in winning independence from the |

|Netherlands |Netherlands |

|B) France-unsuccessful because Charles X managed to remain on the throne and |B) France-unsuccessful because Charles X managed to remain on the throne and |

|reinstitute his reactionary policies |reinstitute his reactionary policies |

|C) Italy--successful because the Austrian army sent in by Metternich was defeated|C) Italy--successful because the Austrian army sent in by Metternich was defeated|

|by Italian partisans |by Italian partisans |

|D) Poland-successful because a nationalist revolution established independence |D) Poland-successful because a nationalist revolution established independence |

|and the boundaries of 1772 |and the boundaries of 1772 |

| | |

| | |

|66. The revolution in the Austrian Empire in 1848 resulted in |66. The revolution in the Austrian Empire in 1848 resulted in |

|A) The demand by Hungarians for autonomy from Austria |A) The demand by Hungarians for autonomy from Austria |

|B) The declaration by several Italian provinces of their independence from |B) The declaration by several Italian provinces of their independence from |

|Austria |Austria |

|C) The call by Czech nationalists for a pan-Slavic Congress to be held at Prague |C) The call by Czech nationalists for a pan-Slavic Congress to be held at Prague |

|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |

| | |

|69. For all their promising beginnings the revolutions of 1848 ultimately ended |69. For all their promising beginnings the revolutions of 1848 ultimately ended |

|with the restoration of the presumably overthrown regimes for all of the |with the restoration of the presumably overthrown regimes for all of the |

|following reasons except |following reasons except |

|A) The alliance between liberals, radicals, and socialists was one of convenience|A) The alliance between liberals, radicals, and socialists was one of convenience|

|and broke down when these groups gained power |and broke down when these groups gained power |

|B) Nationalists consistently allied with conservative forces to crush |B) Nationalists consistently allied with conservative forces to crush |

|revolutionary movements |revolutionary movements |

|C) The strength of conservatism was underestimated; the working class of Central |C) The strength of conservatism was underestimated; the working class of Central |

|Europe was weak, ultimately weaker than conservative forces |Europe was weak, ultimately weaker than conservative forces |

|D) Forces of order never lost control of their armies, which they used to crush |D) Forces of order never lost control of their armies, which they used to crush |

|revolutionary forces |revolutionary forces |

| | |

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