Chapter One: Revolutionizing the Sciences



The Scientific Revolution (2011)

Introduction & Chapter One: New worlds & old worlds [pp. 1-12]

The following should guide your reading, note taking, & studying. Students who can answer these questions in their own words without simply copying information from notes will show their understanding of the chapter.

Introduction, [1-3]:

1) Various reactions across Europe to the comet of 1664-65?

2) How did 17th-century Europeans seek causes, meanings, hidden messages from God? Ways to control, improve, & exploit with new technology & ancient knowledge?

3) Scientific Revolution (ca. 1500-1700) or “early modern period”: BOTH continuity and change from medieval world?

Big Picture Questions, [4-12]:

1) In what ways did the Renaissance build upon its medieval origins (pp. 5-8), while simultaneously rejecting the Middle Ages?

2) What are four key movements or developments providing context for Scientific Revolution (ca. 1500-1700)? Major changes:

• rise of humanism (pp. 8-12)

• invention of printing (pp. 12-14)

• voyages of discovery (pp. 14-17)

• reforms of Christianity (pp. 17-19)

Terms to Know (in alphabetical order) [4-12]:

• Arabic & Greek scholarship

• Black Plague

• Carolingian Renaissance

• Dār al-Islām

• early humanists

• Italian Renaissance

• Middle Ages

• Poggio Bracciolini

• Scholasticism

• translation movement

• Twelfth-Century Renaissance

• universities

If you don’t do well on the open-note reading quizzes, then:

1) You simply are NOT reading or taking any notes.

2) You need to make adjustments or ask questions to improve, but don’t give up or blame the quizzes or the time constraints.

Most correct responses on reading quizzes, but not all, will come from information included DIRECTLY on these study guides.

Chapter One: New worlds & old worlds [pp. 12-19]

Big Picture Questions [12-19]:

1) How did printing technology develop and impact Europe after 1450? Transition from manuscripts to printed works? Faster, more reliable, eventually less expensive, influence of images & diagrams?

2) How did discoveries from new lands impact Europe from the late 15th century onward? Influence of Portuguese & Spanish voyages to Africa, Asia, and the Americas? “Information overload” and revision of traditional ideas?

3) How did reforms of Christianity impact Europe after 1517? Rise of Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

4) How do specific individuals & groups fit into the bigger picture or illustrate the changes discussed regarding printing, voyages of discovery, & reforms of Christianity?

Terms to Know (in alphabetical order) [12-19]:

• Amerigo Vespucci

• Christopher Columbus

• Council of Trent

• Counter-Reformation

• Henry the Navigator

• House of Trade

• Jesuits

• Johannes Gutenberg

• Martin Luther

• moveable-type print

• Philip Melanchthon

• Protestantism

• Spain & Portugal

STUDY TIP: If you come across a word you are unfamiliar with while reading, then a) try to determine its meaning from context and b) check a dictionary to make sure you know its correct meaning. Use reading as a tool for building your vocabulary. This is easier to do now than ever before owing to free searchable online dictionaries, for example:



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