Development Through the Lifespan
Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 10
Emotional and Social
Development in
Middle Childhood
Erikson’s Theory:
Industry versus Inferiority
Industry
Developing a sense of competence at useful skills.
School provides many opportunities.
Inferiority
Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well.
Family environment, teachers, peers, can contribute to negative feelings.
Changes in Self-Understanding during Middle Childhood
Self-Concept
Social comparisons
Ideal and real self
Self-Esteem
Hierarchically structured
Drops first few years in school, then rises
Influences on Self-Esteem
Culture
Child-rearing Practices
Messages from adults
Attributions
Mastery-oriented
Learned Helplessness
Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
Self-Conscious Emotions
Pride
Guilt
Emotional Understanding
Explain using internal states
Understand mixed emotions
Emotional Self-Regulation
Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval
Emotional self-efficacy
Selman’s Stages of
Perspective Taking
Development of
Distributive Justice
Equality — 5 – 6 years
Merit — 6 – 7 years
Benevolence — around 8 years
Peer Groups
Formed from proximity, similarity
Adopt similar dress and behavior
Peer Culture
Relational aggression
Exclusion
Friendship in Middle Childhood
Personal qualities, trust become important
More selective in choosing friends
Friendships can last several years
Influence each other’s behavior
Peer Acceptance
Gender Typing in
Middle Childhood
Gender Stereotypes
Extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects
More flexible about behavior
Gender Identity
Boys more masculine
Girls less feminine
Cultural Factors
Family Relationships
Parents
Coregulation
Siblings
Rivalry
Companionship and assistance
International Divorce Rates
Consequences of
Parental Divorce
Immediate
Instability, conflict, drop in income
Parental stress, disorganization
Consequences affected by:
Age
Temperament
Sex
Long-Term
Improved adjustment after 2 years
Boys, children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems
Father’s involvement affects adjustment
Blended Families
Mother-Stepfather
Most frequent
Boys usually adjust quickly
Girls adapt less favorably
Older children and adolescents of both sexes display more problems
Father-Stepmother
Often leads to reduced father-child contact
Children in fathers’ custody often react negatively
Girls & stepmothers slow to get along at first, more positive interaction later
Maternal Employment and
Child Development
Benefits
Higher self-esteem
Positive family and peer relations
Fewer gender stereotypes
Better grades
More father involvement
Drawbacks
Less time for children, risk of ineffective parenting
Support for Working Parents
Flexible Schedules, job sharing
Sick leave
Involvement of other parent
Equal pay and opportunities
Quality child care
Fears and Anxieties in
Middle Childhood
Fears of dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist
School phobia
5–7 years – separation from home
11 –13 – particular aspects of school
Fears of real elements of environment
Child Sexual Abuse
Factors Related to Resiliency
Personal Characteristics
Easy temperament
Mastery orientation
Warm, well-organized family life
Supportive adult outside family
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