Development Through the Lifespan



Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 10

Emotional and Social

Development in

Middle Childhood

Erikson’s Theory:

Industry versus Inferiority

Industry

Developing a sense of competence at useful skills.

School provides many opportunities.

Inferiority

Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well.

Family environment, teachers, peers, can contribute to negative feelings.

Changes in Self-Understanding during Middle Childhood

Self-Concept

Social comparisons

Ideal and real self

Self-Esteem

Hierarchically structured

Drops first few years in school, then rises

Influences on Self-Esteem

Culture

Child-rearing Practices

Messages from adults

Attributions

Mastery-oriented

Learned Helplessness

Emotional Development in Middle Childhood

Self-Conscious Emotions

Pride

Guilt

Emotional Understanding

Explain using internal states

Understand mixed emotions

Emotional Self-Regulation

Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval

Emotional self-efficacy

Selman’s Stages of

Perspective Taking

Development of

Distributive Justice

Equality — 5 – 6 years

Merit — 6 – 7 years

Benevolence — around 8 years

Peer Groups

Formed from proximity, similarity

Adopt similar dress and behavior

Peer Culture

Relational aggression

Exclusion

Friendship in Middle Childhood

Personal qualities, trust become important

More selective in choosing friends

Friendships can last several years

Influence each other’s behavior

Peer Acceptance

Gender Typing in

Middle Childhood

Gender Stereotypes

Extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects

More flexible about behavior

Gender Identity

Boys more masculine

Girls less feminine

Cultural Factors

Family Relationships

Parents

Coregulation

Siblings

Rivalry

Companionship and assistance

International Divorce Rates

Consequences of

Parental Divorce

Immediate

Instability, conflict, drop in income

Parental stress, disorganization

Consequences affected by:

Age

Temperament

Sex

Long-Term

Improved adjustment after 2 years

Boys, children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems

Father’s involvement affects adjustment

Blended Families

Mother-Stepfather

Most frequent

Boys usually adjust quickly

Girls adapt less favorably

Older children and adolescents of both sexes display more problems

Father-Stepmother

Often leads to reduced father-child contact

Children in fathers’ custody often react negatively

Girls & stepmothers slow to get along at first, more positive interaction later

Maternal Employment and

Child Development

Benefits

Higher self-esteem

Positive family and peer relations

Fewer gender stereotypes

Better grades

More father involvement

Drawbacks

Less time for children, risk of ineffective parenting

Support for Working Parents

Flexible Schedules, job sharing

Sick leave

Involvement of other parent

Equal pay and opportunities

Quality child care

Fears and Anxieties in

Middle Childhood

Fears of dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist

School phobia

5–7 years – separation from home

11 –13 – particular aspects of school

Fears of real elements of environment

Child Sexual Abuse

Factors Related to Resiliency

Personal Characteristics

Easy temperament

Mastery orientation

Warm, well-organized family life

Supportive adult outside family

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