BIOLOGY - REB

BIOLOGY

For Rwandan Schools Senior 2

Teacher's Guide

Godfrey Wasswa Benson Mugarura

Selah Ndiwa

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Published by

Longhorn Publishers (Rwanda) Ltd., 166 KG 13 off KG 11 Avenue, P.O. Box 5910 Kigali, Rwanda

Longhorn Publishers (Kenya) Ltd., Funzi Road, Industrial Area, P. O. Box 18033-00500 Nairobi, Kenya

Longhorn Publishers (Uganda) Ltd., Kanjokya Street, Plot 74, Kamwokya. P. O. Box 24745 Kampala, Uganda

Longhorn Publishers (Tanzania) Ltd., New Bagamoyo/Garden Road Mikocheni B, Plot No. MKC/MCB/81, P. O. Box 1237, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

? Text: Godfrey Wasswa, Benson Mugarura, Selah Ndiwa, 2017

The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.

First published 2017

ISBN 978 9997 74 741 9

Acknowledgements The publisher would like to thank Jackline Ombongi, James Mugo and Olivier B. Muhizi for design work, generating the illustrations and providing photographs used in this publication. Acknowledgements inadvertently left out are regretted and will be done in subsequent editions following notification of such omission.

Printed by English Press Ltd., Enterprise Road, Industrial Area. P. O. Box 30127?00100, Nairobi, Kenya

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Contents

Content Map ...............................................................................................vi Part 1: Introduction ......................................................................................1

Section 1 Basic information........................................................................ 1 Section 2 Preparing to teach and the teaching process......................... 13

Sample Unit plan/Scheme of work ......................................... 29 Sample competence-based lesson plan .................................. 40 Section 3 Assessment and evaluation methods...................................... 46

Part 2: Units section Unit 1: Classification of Kingdom Animalia .............................................49

1.1: General characteristics of animals ................................................. 51 1.2: Phylum Chordata.............................................................................. 53 1.3: Phylum Arthropoda ......................................................................... 66 1.4: Other phyla belonging to kingdom Animalia .............................. 69 Answers to Test your Competence 1...........................................................71

Unit 2: Introduction to environmental biology.........................................73 2.1: Concepts of ecology ......................................................................... 74 2.2: Energy flow in ecosystems ............................................................... 76 2.3: Ecological pyramids ......................................................................... 78

Answers to Test your Competence 2...........................................................80

Unit 3: Passive movement across a cell membrane.....................................81 3.1: Diffusion of gases and solutes ......................................................... 83 3.2: Osmosis .............................................................................................. 87

Answers to Test your Competence 3...........................................................96

Unit 4 : Active transport..............................................................................98 4.1: Active transport and its importance ............................................ 100 4.2: Endocytosis and exocytosis ........................................................... 106

Answers to Test your Competence 4.........................................................108

Unit 5: Identification of food components...............................................110 5.1: Testing for starch and reducing sugars ........................................ 111 5.2 & 5.3: Testing for proteins and lipids ................................................ 118 5.4: Testing for vitamin C...................................................................... 122

Answers to Test your Competence 5.........................................................124

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Unit 6: Enzymes.........................................................................................126 6.1 Types of enzymes ............................................................................ 128 6.2: Characteristics of enzymes ............................................................ 130 6.3: Factors that affect enzyme activity ............................................... 134 6.4 : Mode of enzyme action ................................................................ 138

Answers to Test your Competence 6.........................................................140

Unit 7: Photosynthesis ..............................................................................142 7.1 : Necessity of chlorophyll, light energy and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis........................................................................... 145 7.2 & 7.3: Limiting factors for photosynthesis and Adaptations of a leaf to photosynthesis.............................................................. 149 7.4 & 7.5: Importance of photosynthesis and Mineral requirements for plant growth....................................................... 152

Answers to Test your Competence 7.........................................................153

Unit 8: Transport of water, minerals and organic foods in plants...........154 8.1: Transport systems in plants ........................................................... 157 8.2: Transpiration .................................................................................. 161 8.3: Adaptations of plants to different environmental conditions ... 162

Answers to Test your Competence 8.........................................................166

Unit 9: Gaseous exchange in humans and plants.....................................167 9.1: Respiratory surfaces ...................................................................... 169 9.2: The mechanism of breathing in humans...................................... 171 9.3: Respiratory diseases and smoking ................................................ 175 9.4: Gaseous exchange in plants ........................................................... 177

Answers to Test your Competence 9.........................................................178

Unit 10: Excretion in Humans..................................................................179 10.1: Need for excretion .......................................................................... 181 10.2: The role of the liver in excretion ................................................... 183 10.3 & 10.4: Structure of the human urinary system and Practices that maintain healthy urinary ...................................... 184

Answers to Test your Competence 10.......................................................186

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Unit 11: Joints and movement..................................................................188 11.1: Types of joints ................................................................................. 190 11.2: Action of antagonistic muscles in the movement of a hinge joint ........................................................................................ 192 11.3 : Practices that promote healthy bones and joints ........................ 194

Answers to Test your Competence 11.......................................................196 Unit 12: Infectious diseases ......................................................................197

12.1: Transmission of infectious diseases ............................................ 199 12.2: Defence against infection .............................................................. 201 12.3: Symptoms, prevention, control and treatment of

common diseases ............................................................................ 203 Answers to Test your Competence 12.......................................................205 Unit 13 : Immunity and vaccination.........................................................206

13.1: Antibodies and antigens ................................................................ 208 13.2: Immune response ........................................................................... 209 Answers to Test your Competence 13.......................................................212 Unit 14 : Sexual behaviour and sexual response.......................................213 14.1: Male and female sexual response ................................................ 215 14.2: People and sexual relationships..................................................... 216 Answers to Test your Competence 14.......................................................219 Unit 15 Pregnancy prevention..................................................................220 15.1 & 15.2: Contraceptives (Natural contraceptives) .......................... 221 15.3: Artificial contraceptives ................................................................. 223 Answers to Test your Competence 15.......................................................225 Unit 16 Reducing risk of STIs and HIV and AIDS ..................................226 16.1: Transmission of STIs ...................................................................... 228 16.2: Ways of reducing STIs and HIV infection .................................. 230 Answers to Test your Competence 16.......................................................232 Glossary ............................................................................................233 References ............................................................................................239

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