Anatomy Chapter 14 Lecture Outline: Nervous Tissue
Anatomy Chapter 14 Lecture Outline: Nervous Tissue
The Nervous System
The _______________ system is the body’s primary communication and _______________system.
The nervous system can be divided according to _______________and _______________categories.
Nervous System: Structural Organization
Structural subdivisions of the nervous system:
* _______________nervous system (CNS)
* _______________and _______________cord
* ________________________nervous system (PNS)
* __________________nerves (nerves that extend from the brain)
* __________________nerves (nerves that extend from the spinal cord)
* _________________ (clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the ______)
Nervous System: Functional Organization
Functional divisions of the nervous system:
* ________________________division — receives sensory information (input) from receptors and transmits this ______________________________to the CNS.
* ___________ (or __________________) division — transmits motor impulses (output) from the CNS to __________________or ____________.
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Sensory Division
The sensory division is subdivided into ______components:
* __________________sensory components are the general somatic senses—touch, ____________, pressure, __________________, temperature, and ____________________________________.
* ________________________sensory components transmit nerve impulses from ____________vessels and __________________to the CNS. The visceral senses primarily include ________________________and ____________ (of the organ wall).
Motor Division
The ____________division is subdivided into ______components:
* The __________________motor component (somatic nervous system; ______) conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to __________________muscles.
* also known as the __________________nervous system
* The ________________________motor component (autonomic nervous system; ______) innervates internal ____________, regulates smooth muscle, __________________muscle, and glands.
* also known as the ____________motor system or ______________________nervous system
Nerve Cells
Two distinct cell types form nervous tissue.
- __________________, which are excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses
- ____________cells, which are nonexcitable cells that __________________and protect the neurons
Characteristics of Neurons
Neurons have a high ________________________rate.
Neurons have extreme ________________________.
Neurons typically are non-__________________.
Neuron Structure
Neurons come in all ____________and __________, but all neurons share certain basic structural features.
A typical neuron has a cell ____________, __________________, and ____________.
Neuron Structure – Cell Body
The cell body serves as the neuron’s ____________center and is responsible for receiving, ________________________, and sending nerve ________________________.
Neurotransmitters like ____________________________________are synthesized in the cell body
Neuron Structure – Dendrites
Dendrites tend to be ____________, smaller processes that branch off the cell ____________.
Some neurons have only ______dendrite, while others have ____________.
Dendrites conduct nerve impulses ____________the cell body; they receive input and then transfer it to the cell body for ______________________________.
The ____________dendrites a neuron has, the more nerve impulses that neuron can receive from other cells.
Neuron Structure – Axon
The larger, typically __________________nerve cell process emanating from the cell body is the ____________, sometimes called a nerve ____________.
Most neurons have only ______axon.
The axon transmits a nerve impulse ____________from the cell body toward another ______.
Classifications of Neurons
Neurons vary widely in ________________________and ________________________.
They can be classified according to either their __________________or their __________________.
Neurons can be classified according to the number of __________________extending from the cell body.
* ________________________neuron has a single process
* __________________neurons have two processes
* ________________________neurons have three or more processes
Interneurons
________________________, or association neurons, lie entirely within the CNS and are _____________.
They receive nerve __________________from many other __________________and carry out the ________________________function of the nervous system.
Thus, interneurons facilitate communication between __________________and ____________neurons.
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Glial Cells
Sometimes referred to as __________________, occur within both the ______and the ______.
Glial cells are ____________and capable of ____________.
Glial cells do not transmit nerve __________________.
Glial cells physically __________________and help __________________neurons, and provide an organized, supporting __________________for all the nervous tissue.
Glial cells far ________________________neurons.
Glial cells account for roughly ______the volume of the __________________system.
Glial Cells of the CNS
________________________exhibit a starlike shape due to projections from their ____________.
Astrocytes are the most __________________glial cells in the ______, and they constitute over ______% of the tissue in some areas of the ____________.
Help form the ______________________________ (BBB) that strictly controls substances entering the nervous tissue in the brain from the ______________________________.
Regulate tissue __________________composition.
Functions of Glial Cells
Forming a structural __________________.
Replacing ________________________neurons.
Assisting neuronal ________________________.
Myelination
______________________________also called ________________________cells, are associated with PNS axons and are responsible for myelinating ______axons.
______________________________is the process by which part of an axon is wrapped with a __________________sheath, a protective fatty coating that gives it glossy-____________appearance.
The myelin sheath __________________, protects, and ________________________an axon.
No change in __________________can occur across the ________________________in the insulated portion of an ____________.
In the PNS, myelin sheaths form from ______________________________.
In the CNS, they form from ______________________________.
Mylenated vs. Unmylenated Axons
In a ________________________axon, the nerve impulse “____________” from __________________node to neurofibril node and is known as ________________________conduction.
In an ______________________________axon, the nerve impulse must travel the entire __________________of the axon, a process called ________________________conduction.
A myelinated axon produces a __________________nerve impulse.
Mylenated vs. Unmylenated Axons
In an ______________________________axon, a nerve impulse takes longer to reach the end of the ____.
A myelinated axon also requires less energy (______) than does an unmyelinated ______.
Using ________________________conduction, unmyelinated axons conduct nerve impulses from ____________stimuli.
Regeneration of PNS Axons
PNS axons are vulnerable to ____________, crushing injuries, and other ____________.
A damaged axon can______________________, however, if at least some __________________remains.
PNS axon regeneration depends upon ______factors.
* the amount of ________________________
* neurolemmocyte ________________________of nerve growth factors to stimulate __________________of severed axons
* the __________________between the site of the damaged axon and the effector ______
Structure of a Nerve
A nerve is a ____________-like bundle of parallel ____________.
Like a ____________, a nerve has three successive connective tissue ________________________.
- ______________________________- a delicate layer of loose connective tissue
- ______________________________- a cellular and fibrous connective tissue layer that wraps groups of axons into bundles called fascicles
- ______________________________- a superficial connective tissue covering
* This thick layer of dense irregular fibrous ________________________tissue encloses the entire nerve, providing both __________________and ________________________
Nerves
Nerves are a component of the __________________nervous system.
Sensory (__________________) nerves convey sensory information to the CNS.
Motor (__________________) nerves convey motor impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands.
Axons terminate as they contact other neurons, muscle cells, or ____________cells.
An axon transmits a ____________impulse at a specialized junction with another neuron called ______.
Synapses
__________________neurons transmit nerve impulses along their axonal membranes toward a ______.
__________________neurons conduct nerve impulses through their __________________and cell body membranes away from the ________________________.
Axons may establish synaptic __________________with any portion of the surface of another neuron, except those regions that are __________________.
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Electrical Synapses
Electrical synapses are not very common in __________________.
In ____________, these synapses occur primarily between __________________muscle cells where quick, __________________innervation is essential.
Electrical synapses are also located in __________________muscle.
Chemical Synapses
The most ________________________type of synapse is the ________________________synapse.
It facilitates most of the __________________between neurons and all ________________________between neurons and ________________________.
At these junctions, the presynaptic membrane releases a signaling molecule called a ______________________________, such as acetylcholine (____________).
Other types of neurons use other __________________________________________.
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Neurotransmitters
Are released only from the plasma membrane of the ________________________cell.
It then binds to receptor proteins found only on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic ______.
A ________________________flow of information and communication takes place.
Two factors influence the rate of conduction of the impulse: the axon’s __________________and the presence (or absence) of a __________________sheath.
Review Questions
1. What is the body’s primary communication and control system
2. The nervous system can be divided according to what two categories
3. What structural subdivision of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord
4. What structural subdivision of the nervous system is made up of the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia?
5. What are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS?
6. What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system?
7. Which functional division of the nervous system receives sensory information (input) from receptors and transmits this information to the CNS?
8. Which functional division of the nervous system transmits motor impulses (output) from the CNS to muscles or glands
9. What are the two subdivisions of the division of the nervous system?
10. Which division of the sensory division contains components that are the general somatic senses—touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception
11. Which division of the sensory division contains components which transmit nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS. The visceral senses primarily include temperature and stretch (of the organ wall)
12. Which component of the motor division of the nervous system conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
13. Which division of the motor division of the nervous system is known as the voluntary nervous system?
14. Which component of the motor division of the nervous system innervates internal organs, regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
15. Which division of the motor division of the nervous system is known as the visceral motor system or involuntary nervous system
16. What are the two distinct cell types that form nervous tissue
17. Which nerve cell type are excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses
18. Which nerve cell type are nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons
19. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of most neurons
20. Which of the following is not one of the structures found on a typical neuron
21. What portion of a neuron serves as the neuron’s control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses
22. Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine are synthesized in the
23. All neurons have many dendrites; True (A) or False (B)
24. What neuronal structures conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body and receive input and then transfer it to the cell body for processing
25. The more ______ a neuron has, the more nerve impulses that neuron can receive from other cells
26. What is a larger, typically longer nerve cell process emanating from the cell body, sometimes called a nerve fiber
27. Most neurons have how many axons?
28. What is the function of an axon?
29. Neurons vary widely in morphology and location; True (A) or False (B)
30. Which of the following is not one of the classifications of neurons according to the number of processes extending from the cell body
31. Which structural category of neuron has a single process
32. Which structural category of neuron has two processes
33. Which structural category of neuron has three or more processes
34. Be able to visually distinguish the following structural classifications of neurons
Unipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar
35. Which type of neurons lie entirely within the CNS, are Multipolar, receive nerve impulses from many other neurons and carry out the integrative function of the nervous system
36. Which type of neural cells occur within both the CNS and the PNS, are small and capable of mitosis
37. Glial cells can transmit nerve impulses; True (A) or False (B)
38. What are the main functions of the glial cells?
39. There are approximately equal numbers of glial cells and neurons; True (A) or False (B)
40. What glial cells exhibit a starlike shape due to projections from their surface
41. What are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS
42. What cells are associated with PNS axons and are responsible for myelinating PNS axons
43. What is the process by which part of an axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath, a protective fatty coating that gives it glossy-white appearance
44. What are the 3 functions of the myelin sheath?
45. In the CNS, the myelin sheaths form from what glial cells?
46. In what type of axon does the nerve impulse “jumps” from neurofibril node to neurofibril node
47. In what type of axon does the nerve impulse travel the entire length of the axon
48. What is saltatory conduction?
49. In what type of axon is nerve transmission faster? Why?
50. Which type of axon requires less energy to run?
51. PNS axon regeneration depends upon what three factors
52. What is a cable-like bundle of parallel axons
53. Which of the following is not one of the connective tissue wrappings around a nerve;
54. What is a cellular and fibrous connective tissue layer that wraps groups of axons into bundles called fascicles
55. An axon transmits a nerve impulse at a specialized junction with another neuron called a
56. Which type of neurons transmit nerve impulses along their axonal membranes toward a synapse
57. Which type of neurons transmit nerve impulses through their dendritic and cell body membranes away from the synapse
58. Axons may establish synaptic contacts with any portion of the surface of another neuron, except those regions that are
59. Electrical synapses are not very common in mammals; True (A) or False (B)
60. In humans, electrical synapses occur primarily between;
61. In what striated muscle tissue would you find electrical synapses?
62. The most numerous type of synapse is the
63. At chemical synapses, the presynaptic membrane releases a signaling molecule called a
64. The most common form of neurotransmitter is called;
Be able to fill in and explain the steps involved in the chemical synapse
65. What two factors influence the rate of conduction of the nerve impulse
66. Information in a neuron occurs in how many directions?
67. Information in a nerve occurs in how many directions? (Key; what is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?)
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