Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict - DCAF

DCAF

Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict

MEGAN BASTICK KARIN GRIMM RAHEL KUNZ

Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector

demonstrates the horrifying scope and magnitude of sexual violence in armed conflict. In its first part, the Global Overview, the report profiles documented conflict-related sexual violence in 51 countries ?

SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT

in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East - that have experienced armed conflict over

the past twenty years. The second part of the report, entitled Implications for the Security Sector,

explores strategies for security and justice actors to prevent and respond to sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict situations.

ISBN 978-92-9222-059-4

DCAF

Geneva Centre for the

Democratic Control of Armed Forces

(DCAF)

Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector

SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT

Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector

Megan Bastick Karin Grimm Rahel Kunz

DCAF

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces

This report was prepared by Megan Bastick, Karin Grimm and Rahel Kunz, in consultation with Anja Ebn?ther.

DCAF thanks the many people who contributed to the report by contributing information and commenting on drafts, in particular the following:

Ancila Adrian-Paul; Augusta Angelucci of UNDP; Karen Barnes, International Alert; John Braithwaite at the National University of Australia; Charli Carpenter of the University of Pittsburgh; Nicola Dahrendorf of DFID; Stephanie Delaney of ECPAT; Kristin Eck, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University; Doly Enriquez; Ana Maria Ferraz de Campos of Catholic Relief Services, Karin Griese of medica mondiale; Patricia Guerrero, Founder of the Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas; Nadine Jubb; Joanina Karugaba of UNHCR; Erin Kenny, Sabrina Montante & Luis Mora of UNFPA; Ben King of Alliance DARC; Philippe Lafortune of the Canadian Department of National Defence; Lena Larsson of the Folke Bernadotte Academy; Ann Livingstone of the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre; Jonas Loetscher & Kristin Valasek of DCAF; Eirin Mobekk; Robyn Naylor of Isis-WICCE; OCHA/IRIN; Erin Patrick of Women's Commission for Refugee Women & Children; Refugees International; Ruth Rubio-Mar?n of the University of Sevilla; Jeanne Sarson & Linda MacDonald of Persons Against Ritual Abuse-Torture; Brita Schawlann of the Norwegian Ministry of Defence & Erik Haugstad from the Norwegian Armed Forces International Training Centre; Vepore Shehu of Medica Kosova; Yasmine Sherif of UNDP-BCPR; Jolynn Shoemaker of WIIS; Jeanne Ward and Stephanie Ziebell of UNIFEM.

Special thanks also go to Anthony Drummond for editing assistance, to Guy Heirich for the cover design and layout, and to SRO-Kundig for printing.

DCAF gratefully acknowledges the support of the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the production of this report.

Any inaccuracies are the sole responsibility of the authors. All website references were accessed between 19 and 31 July 2007.

Cover Picture: ? Press Images Europe, Nick Danziger, 2001.

? Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2007. Geneva, Switzerland

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission.

ISBN 978-92-9222-059-4

Printed by SRO Kundig Chemin de l'Etang 49 Geneva, Switzerland

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

GLOBAL OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 C?te d'Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Mozambique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Republic of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Sierra Leone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Somalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Uganda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

THE AMERICAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

ASIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Burma / Myanmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 East Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Tadjikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Serbia (Kosovo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

MIDDLE EAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Israel and the Palestinian Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Kuwait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SECURITY SECTOR. . . 143

POLICING AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

JUSTICE FOR SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

PEACEKEEPERS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

ADDRESSING CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN DDR PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

CIVIL SOCIETY RESPONSES TO SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

BOXES

1: Reform of the Nicaraguan police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2: Post-conflict justice mechanisms in Sierra Leone . . 159 3: Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4: "Reintegrative Shaming" in Bougainville . . . . . . . . 164 5: African Union firewood patrols in Darfur . . . . . . . . 170 6: Addressing sexual exploitation and abuse

in European Union peacekeeping missions . . . . . . . 176 7: Definition of DDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8: Hakamas sing and dance for peace in their

communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 9: "Bush wives": abducted women and girls . . . . . . . . 184 10: DDR in Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 11: DDR and justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 12: Women's courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 13: Isis-WICCE in Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 14: Colombia's Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas

and Ciudad de Mujeres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 15: Challenging violent masculinities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

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