THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENTAL STATE AND THE FLYING GEESE PARADIGM

THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENTAL STATE AND THE FLYING GEESE PARADIGM

No. 213 November 2013

THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENTAL STATE AND THE FLYING GEESE PARADIGM

Shigehisa Kasahara

No. 213 November 2013

Acknowledgements: The author is grateful to the Managing Editor and an anonymous referee, as well as Jamshid Bahar, Michael Lim, Michael Gordy and Daniel Taklegeorgis for their helpful comments and discussions on various versions of the paper. UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2013/3

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The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not to be taken as the official views of the UNCTAD secretariat or its member States. The designations and terminology employed are also those of the author. UNCTAD Discussion Papers are read anonymously by at least one referee, whose comments are taken into account before publication. Comments on this paper are invited and may be addressed to the author, c/o the Publications Assistant, Macroeconomic and Development Policies Branch (MDPB), Division on Globalization and Development Strategies (DGDS), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland; e-mail: gdsinfo@; fax no: +41 22 917 0274. Copies of Discussion Papers may also be obtained from this address. Discussion Papers are available on the UNCTAD website at .

JEL classification: B25, F15, H10, L52, N15

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Contents

Page

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 2

I. THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATE: WHAT IS IT?........................................................................... 3 A. Historical background ....................................................................................................................... 3 B. The Asian developmental State: contributions of Chalmers Johnson................................................ 4 C. Variations among the Asian developmental States............................................................................ 6 II. THE FLYING GEESE PARADIGM ? A HISTORICAL EVOLUTION......................................... 8 A. Kaname Akamtsu's original Flying Geese paradigm ........................................................................ 8 B. Modern versions............................................................................................................................... 10 C. Implication on regional integration.................................................................................................. 12 III. CHANGING GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT FOR THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENTAL STATE............................................................................................................. 13 A. United States stance: aid giving for Asian reconstruction and policy tolerance.............................. 13 B. Diminishing tolerance, rising criticisms, enforcing pressures......................................................... 14 C. Resistance to criticisms.................................................................................................................... 15 IV. THE ROLE (REAL AND POTENTIAL) OF THE STATE IN THE FLYING GEESE PARADIGM.......................................................................................................... 16 A. National policy measures related to industry, trade and FDI........................................................... 16 B. Does the Flying Geese paradigm reflect the weakened state?......................................................... 18 C. Situating the developmental state in the Flying Geese paradigm.................................................... 19 D. Developmental regionalism: situating national development measures in a regional context........ 21

V. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................... 23 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................ 25

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