Name ____________________ Period___ Date



UNIT 2 Ecology Test

Name ____________________ Period___ Date ___

C 1. In which seismogram is the time probe placed at the beginning of the P waves?

B 2. Suppose that an earthquake has just occurred, as pictured below. The first P wave is shown as the larger circle and the first S wave is shown as the smaller circle. What would the seismogram in Recording Station A display at the moment the image below was taken?

A B

C D

A 3. Which of the following has the two vertical probes in the proper position to find the correct value for time difference([pic]T)?

A B

C D

C4. An earthquake has just occurred. Seismic waves from the earthquake are detected at two recording stations. At Recording Station A, [pic]T = 45 s. At Recording Station B, [pic]T = 100 s. Which recording station is farther away from the epicenter?

A. Cannot be determined.

B. A and B are the same distance from the epicenter.

C. B is farther from the epicenter than A.

D. A is farther from the epicenter than B

Part 2: Seasons

A 5. About how long does it take the Moon to orbit the Earth?

A. 1 Month

B. 1 Week

C. 1 Day

D. 1 Year

A 6. On March 21, a stick casts the following shadow. What is the most likely time of day?

A. 9am

B. Noon

C. 3pm

D. 7pm

B 7. Which of the following is NOT true about noon in the Northern Hemisphere, on January 1?

A. The sun has reached its highest altitude for that day.

B. The sun is directly overhead.

C. Your shadow points due north.

D. Your shadow is the shortest it will be that day.

A 8. The plate below experiences 90 hits from the Sun's rays out of 100 when it is in Position A. How many hits might the same plate experience in Position B?

[pic]

A. 64 hits

B. 90 hits

C. 95 hits

D. 100 hits

A 9. Of the plates listed, which will receive the highest number of hits from the Sun's rays when the Earth is positioned as shown below?

A. Plate C

B. Plate F

C. Plate J

D. Plate A

D10. A person's risk of sunburn on a certain body part is greater the more directly the Sun's rays hit that body part. If a person is walking outside with the Sun directly overhead, what body part has the greatest risk for sunburn? (Assume that none of the body parts mentioned below are covered by a hat or hair or anything.)

A. Forehead

B. Nose

C. Chin

D. Top of Ears

|MATCHING – Seasons Set 1 |

|D 11. one of the two days of the year when the sun reaches its |A. Axis |

|greatest distance north or south. |B. Revolution |

|B 12. movement of an object around another object. |C. Azimuth |

|A13. imaginary line around which an object rotates. |D. Solstice |

|E 14. One of the two days of the year where the length of the |E. Equinox |

|day is equal to the length of the night. | |

|C 15. The direction of the sun in the sky. Measured in degrees.| |

|MATCHING – Seasons Set 2 |

|E_16. usually based on regular weather changes |A. Summer Solstice |

|A17. longest day of the year |B. Direct Sunlight |

|D_18. shortest day of the year |C. Indirect Sunlight |

|B19. strikes Earth at close to a 90 degree angle |D. Winter Solstice |

|C_20. strikes Earth’s surface at an angle of less than 90 |E. Season |

|degrees. | |

| | |

| | |

B 21. Ozone is important to organisms because:

A. The Ozone provides most of the water in the atmosphere.

B. It filters out the Sun’s harmful UV radiation.

C. It provides air for organisms to breathe.

D. Organisms get vital nutrients from the Ozone layer.

22. D Choose the ozone molecule.

A. O2

B. OH

C. Oz

D. O3

23. Even though the Earth’s inner core is hotter than the liquid outer core, it is still solid because —

a the heat rising from the inner core is melting the outer core

b there is more water in the outer core and it dilutes the materials

c the outer core is farther from the center, and there is less gravity holding it

together

d the pressure from all of Earth’s layers keeps it in a solid state

Correctly label the following on the diagram:

24. MantleB

25. CrustA

26. Inner CoreD

27. Outer CoreC

Choose the Correct Layer:

a. athenosphere b. lithosphere c. crust d. core

28. A This layer flows like hot asphalt and the convection currents within it are responsible for the movement of the solid continental plates.

29. BThis plate is composed of the crust and the upper mantle. It has solid components.

30. C This layer is thin compared to the others.

31. D This layer is composed of metals. Temperatures and pressure are extremely high in this layer. In fact, if we traveled to this layer we would compressed to the size of a marble due to the extreme pressure.

Answer the questions using the letters indicated for each layer of the atmosphere.

a. Troposphere b. Ozone layer c. Mesosphere d. Thermosphere

e. Stratosphere

[pic]

a. Troposphere b. Ozone layer c. Mesosphere d. Thermosphere

e. Stratosphere

|37. A all weather is located |

|38. C coldest layer |

|39. E ozone is located in this layer |

40. The theory of plate tectonics explains

a. the occurrence of earthquakes.

b. the occurrence of volcanoes.

c. movement of earth's plates.

d. the occurrence of mountains.

e. All of these answers.

41. The massive plates which we live on are part of the

a. continental crust

b. oceanic crust

c. mantle

d. core

42. Tectonic plates move apart in opposite directions at a(n)

a. divergent plate boundary.

b. transform fault.

c. convergent plate boundary.

d. subduction zone.

e. mantle fault.

43. Tectonic plates move towards each other at a(n)

a. divergent plate boundary.

b. transform fault.

c. convergent plate boundary.

d. subduction zone.

e. mantle fault.

44. Tectonic plates slide past each other at a(n)

a. divergent plate boundary.

b. transform fault.

c. convergent plate boundary.

d. subduction zone.

e. mantle fault.

Fill in the following at the correct point on the diagram

a. igneous rock

b. sedimentary rock

c. magma

d. metamorphic rock

Matching

a. igneous rock

b. metamorphic rock

c. sedimentary rock

49. Bslate, marble

50. C Limestone, sandstone

51. A Basalt, granite

52. Soil is a mixture of weathered rock and _______.

a. water and air

b. decayed organic matter

c. mineral fragments

d. all of the above

53. Soil contains the highest percentage of

a. Water

b. Air

c. Organic matter

d. Mineral fragments

54. The surface processes that work to break down rock are called ________.

a. erosion b. permeability c. deflation d. weathering

Match the correct causes of the types of weathering

55. b physical weathering a. tree roots and lichen

56. c chemical weathering b. wind, rain, water freezing

57. a biological weathering c. acid, gases, water

58. Lichen is actually two organisms living in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. Name the two organisms.

a. fungus and grass

b. fungus and algae

c. algae and bacteria

d. fungus & bacteria

59. Lichen contributes to weathering through the secretion of

a. acids

b. water

c. noxious gases

d. organic matter

Part IV. Soil Horizons

Choose the correct soil horizon:

a. O horizon b. A horizon c. B horizon d. C horizon e. bedrock

60. a This soil horizon is generally a rich, dark brown, is high in organic matter and contains many roots, including shallow fibrous roots

61. eThis layer consists of a sheet of rock

62. C This layer contains minerals that have been carried through the soil by water, some rocks, and clay. You will find some rocks in this layer.

63. B This layer contains a lot of organic matter. You would find deeper tap roots in this layer, but not as many fibrous roots.

64. D This layer contains larger rocks that have been broken up from the bedrock.

65. How long does it generally take one centimeter of soil to form?

a. 1-4 years

b. 100-400 years

c. 1000 years

d. 10,000 years

Choose the correct soil horizon:

a. O horizon b. A horizon c. B horizon d. C horizon e. bedrock

Fill in your answers in the spots to the right.

[pic]

www2.nrcs.teachers/soil_profil.htm

70. Soil formation begins when rock is broken down by _____.

a. erosion

b. weathering

c. decomposition

d. melting

71-75. Label the following on the diagram

74a. focus b. 71 epicenter 75c. P waves 72 d. S waves e. fault 73e

[pic]

76. The pattern of earthquakes and volcanic events around the Pacific Ocean is called the

A. Ring of Disaster C. Ring of Fire

B. Tectonic Zone D. Magma Zone

a. subduction b. pyroclastic flow c. tephra d. fumarole e. ground deformation

77. DA hole or vent in the ground near a volcano that emits gases from the volcano

78. AThe edge of one crustral plate is forced under another plate.

79. BA volcanic eruption consisting mainly of fragmented rock. This type is extremely

dangerous. Example: Mount Saint Helens.

80. CPost-eruption layers of land composed of volcanic lava and fragmented rock.

81. E Bulges in the Earth’s surface caused by swelling in a volcano’s magma chamber.

82. Many of the sugar maples that I saw this fall were a vibrant orange color. We can expect that the dominant pigment showing in these leaves was

a. chlorophyll

b. xanophyll

c. carotene

d. anthocyanin

83-88. Short answer. Choose 3. 2 points each. Write answers below.

A. Where is ozone found when it is harmful to us? Ground level (troposphere)

B. Why aren’t the Appalacians as tall and rugged as the Rocky Mountains? weathering

C. What did you learn from going outside and using the magnifying glasses? Use complete sentences. Use terms we have discussed in class to explain important concepts.Indirect sunlight is not as powerful as direct sunlight because fewer rays reach the earth’s surface if it is indirect sunlight. The rays are more focused with direct sunlight. This relates to the tilt of the Earth’s axis and how the Earth’s position in relation to the sun affects the seasons.

D. How does sedimentary rock change to metamorphic rock? Heat & pressure over time

E. Describe the benefits that the two organisms making up lichen give each other. Algae provide food (photosynthesis) and the fungus provides protection for the algae

F. What are the important benefits of volcanoes? *Vents for heat & pressure from the Earth’s inner layers. *New land formation. *Provides nutrient rich soil.

G. Why do leaves change colors in the fall, AND what triggers the change? The chlorophyll breaks down and other pigments which were already present (carotene, anthocyanin, xanophyll, etc.) are able to be seen. Shorter days and colder temperatures trigger the change.

H. What is the difference between weathering and erosion? Weathering processes break down rocks, whereas erosion transports sediments.

I. Explain the importance of soil. Without soil we would have no life on Earth. Plants grow in the soil and plants represent the basis of our food chain.

Longer answer, REQUIRED. 4 points.

89-92. Describe the human cause of the increased surface temperature of the Earth. Be specific! How is the current global warming trend different from past warming trends?

Many human activities that involve burning fossil fuels release greenhouse gases, especially CO2. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which means that it traps heat in the atmosphere, causing the surface temperature to increase.

93-100. Required, 4 points each. Describe the following leaf types, AND identify the leaves using a dichotomous key. The following is a wordbank you can use, but please use only the terms which apply.

Leaf margin Entire Wavy Finely toothed

coarsely toothed doubly toothed incurved teeth blunty toothed lobed pinnate palmate opposite alternate compound simple needle-like

scale-like

[pic]

Needle-like, Eastern white pine

[pic]These leaves are found

opposite of one another on

Palmately compound

Finely toothed margin

Buckeye the branch.

Extra Credit:

1. Name at least one type of seismic surface wave. (more EC for both)

2. Explain why last year’s earthquake felt in Charlottesville was felt as far as Pennsylvania.

-----------------------

A

B

C

D

46. A

47. B

45. C

48. D

66 A

67 B

68C

69D

33. C

35. A

34 E

-80 -60 -40 -20 -10 0 10 20

50km

0km

100km

32. D

36. B

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