OFFICIAL /FORMAL AND UNWRITTEN RULES



Duncanrig Secondary School

Standard Grade

Official and Unwritten Rules

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Official and Unwritten Rules

Page Contents

3 – 9 Rules

10 Conduct and Behaviour

11 – 14 Scoring

15 Adaptation

16 Small Sided Games

17 Conditioned Games

Rules

Official Rules

Official rules are listed in the official rule book of an activity and must

be followed by each participant.

Examples

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Consequences for Breaking Rules

When rules are broken a punishment is applied. These are called consequences or sanctions.

Examples

Unwritten/unofficial Rules

Unofficial Rules are not written anywhere but are commonly applied and are examples of good sporting behavior within activities.

Examples

How does Rules Effect Performance?

In sport and activity rules affect performance in a variety of ways to ensure that the activity is constant and fair.

For example, rules assist with the following,

• To ensure Safety

• To allow activity to run smoothly

• To start, restart, stop and scoring

• To assist tactics

• To developing skill development

• To restrict movement and actions

• The layout of the activity

Rules to ensure safety

|Activity |Rule |Reason/Action taken to |Action taken if rule |

| | |avoid breaking rule |is broken |

|Football |Must wear |To protect legs from injury |Player removed from pitch |

| |shin-guards |during tackles |until shin- guards are put on. |

|Indoor |Ball |The ball must not be lifted off the |Player cautioned and free |

|Hockey | |ground as it may hit a player |pass awarded to opposing |

| | |causing injury. |team. |

|Boxing | Mouth guard must be |Boxers must wear a mouth guard |Participant removed from |

| |worn by participants |so that they are not injured when |pitch until shin- guards are |

| | |punched. |put on. |

Rules to ensure the smooth running of activities

Examples

Rules to start, restart, stop and related to scoring

|Activity | Rule |Action taken as a result of |Change made to |

| | |rule or if rule is broken |performance to avoid |

| | | |breaking rule |

|Football |Players must be in | Kick is retaken |Make sure you stay in |

|(team) |their own half | |own half until the ball is |

| |when the kick off | |kicked |

| |is taken | | |

|Badminton |Players feet must be |Service awarded to your |Keep both feet inside the |

|(individual) |inside the service |opponent |service box when serving |

| |box when serving | | |

|Activity | Rule |Action taken as a result of |Change made to |

| | |rule or if rule is broken |performance to avoid |

| | | |breaking rule |

|Football |The whole ball must |No goal awarded/play | N/A |

| |be over the line for a |continues | |

| |goal to be scored | | |

|Table tennis |You must win the |Game continues until one | N/A |

| |game by two clear |player is two points ahead | |

| |points | | |

Rules To Assist Tactics

| Activity | Rule |Reason/Action taken to |Action taken if rule |

| | |avoid breaking rule |is broken |

| Football |Offside rule |Defensive team moves out to catch |Free kick awarded to |

| | |attacking team offside so you must |defending team |

| | |learn to time your run to be onside | |

| | |when the pass is played. | |

Rules to Develop Skill Development

|Activity | Rule |How rule is adapted |Why rule is adapted |Effect on performance |

| | | | |of rule adaptation |

|Volleyball |You must not |Allow players to |So that you can |Because you are under |

|(team) |catch the ball |catch the ball in the |learn the volley |less pressure and can |

| |when playing a |volley position |position and it gives |more easily pass the ball |

| |volley | |you more time |high to a team mate |

| | | |to make a pass. | |

|Basketball |Opponents can |Players are not |To give you more |You are under less |

|(team) |take the ball out |allowed to take the |time on the ball with |pressure when on the |

| |of your hands |ball out of your |less pressure. |ball and it is easier to |

| |during play |hands during play | |pass the ball to your |

| | | | |team mates |

|Badminton |You must serve |You can throw the |Because you could |It allowed us to get the |

|(individual) |from below the |shuttle up and hit it |not serve underhand. |game started and play a |

| |height of the net |over the net | |rally |

| Tennis |The ball can only |You can let the ball |You are finding it |You have more time to |

|(individual) |bounce once in |bounce twice before |too difficult to get to |get into position to |

| |your court before |hitting the ball |the ball return it after |return the ball and can |

| |you hit it | |one bounce. |play it accurately over |

| | | | |the net |

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Rules to Restrict Movement and Actions

|Activity | Rule |Reason/Action taken to |Action taken if rule |

| | |avoid breaking rule |is broken |

|Basketball |Attacking team not |Attacking players must |Side ball awarded to |

| |allowed in |keep moving through/in |defending team |

| |opposition key for |and out of the key | |

| |more than 3 seconds | | |

| |when in possession | | |

| Tennis |When serving your |You could gain an |Foot-fault called – loss |

| |feet must be behind |unfair advantage if you |of point or second |

| |the service line |are too close to the net |service |

| | |so you must keep your | |

| | |feet behind the line until | |

| | |you have served | |

| Hockey |When swinging the |You could hit someone |Free hit to defending |

| |stick to hit the ball |near you and injure |team |

| |near other players |them so you must keep | |

| |it must be kept below |the stick below shoulder | |

| |shoulder height |height when hitting | |

|Badminton |You must not hit the |You may hit your |Point or service |

| |shuttle until it crosses |opponent with the racket |awarded to your |

| |the net |injuring them so you |opponent |

| | |must make sure your | |

| | |racket does not cross the | |

| | |net when you hit a shot | |

| | |near the net | |

|100 meter |Runner must stay in |Runner leaving his/her |Runner disqualified |

|Hurdles |lane |lane may impede/put off | |

| | |other runners | |

| Rugby |Rugby must be |Playing on other surfaces | N/A |

| |played on a grass |may cause injury | |

| |pitch | | |

|Badminton |You must not walk |You must stay off the |You will not collide with a |

| |across the court when |court when not playing |player causing injury to them |

| |someone is playing | |or yourself |

|Rugby |Teams must not come |You must stay upright |You will not injure any players in |

| |together in the scrum |ready to engage the scrum |your own team or the opposition |

| |until the referee has |and not go down and | |

| |given permission |forward until your | |

| | |opponents are ready | |

Layout

The Rules of the activity normally tell us how the game or activity is set up. i.e. the layout of the court, pitch, lanes, or area used. In most activities this is important as play must remain inside the given area. For example in badminton, volleyball and tennis a point is lost if the ball lands outside the court area. In gymnastics you lose a mark if your foot goes outside the floor area. In football, basketball and netball you lose possession if the ball goes outside of the court.

In basketball the layout is a rectangular court marked out with side lines and base lines (the back line). The ball must be played within this area. The game begins with a jump ball in the tip off circle in the middle. The 2 keys and the 3 point lines mark the shooting areas.

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In Badminton the court is a rectangle with 2 side lines and 2 base lines (for singles and for doubles). Players must serve from behind the service line over the net in the middle.

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Conduct and Behavior

Good behavior

Ensures the safety of yourself and others and that the rules are applied so that the activity runs smoothly.

This in known has Sportsmanship or etiquette.

Examples of Good Behavior

|Activity | Example of good behavior | Positive effect of good behavior on smooth |

| | |running of the activity |

| Football |Kick the ball out of play if a player is |Players can receive immediate medical |

|(team) |Injured. |attention |

| Golf |Stand still when a player is playing a |Player is not distracted when playing a |

|(individual) |drive. |drive so that the ball lands on the fairway |

Bad behavior

Endangers yourself and others and can result in disruption to the activity so that it does not run smoothly.

Examples of Bad Behavior

|Activity |Example of bad |Negative effect of bad |How bad behavior |

| |behavior |behavior on smooth |may be penalised |

| | |running of activity. | |

|Football |Tackling from behind |Opponent could be injured |Booked or sent off by referee |

|(team) | |and opposing team | |

| | |become angry. | |

| Tennis |Deliberately hit the ball |Opponent could be injured |Warning given by umpire and |

|(individual) |at your opponent |and is likely to become |point awarded to opponent |

| |during a rally. |angry. | |

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Scoring

Activities can be scored objectively or subjectively.

Objective Scoring

When the winner is the person/team with:

• the highest score

• the longest/highest distance

• the fastest time

• most goals or points

The result is a clear indication of who the winner is. In games like Basketball, all players can see when someone has scored a basket. In some activities, like Athletics, the result is measured, for example, in time or in distance and it is obvious who the winner is.

Examples

|Activity |How scored or winner decided |Activities with similar |

| | |scoring systems |

| | | |

|Football |Most goals scored |Hockey, handball, lacrosse |

| | | |

|Basketball |Most points scored |N/A |

| | | |

|Athletics |First to the finish line wins |Swimming 100 metres |

|100 meters | | |

Subjective Scoring

When a judge or a panel of judges decides the winner of

an activity, the result is subjective. This means the result is

subjective to the opinion of the judges. Each judge may have a

different opinion on whether the performance looks good.

Examples

Dance, high board diving, ice skating, ice dancing, gymnastics, synchronized swimming.

In the event of performers being awarded the same number of marks both are declared winners.

Examples - Deciding the Winner

By points, goals or baskets

An activity can be won if an individual

or a team has the highest score by having

the most points or goals.

For example, in Volleyball the team

with the most points is the winner.

In gymnastics the winner is decided by the

judges who award the most points to the

best technical performance.

The highest or longest distance

In some activities, like Athletics the

winner is the person who throws the

longest distance e.g. Discus.

The Triple Jump where the winner is

the person who jumps the longest distance.

Achieving the fastest time

The winner can also be decided by having the fastest time for completing the activity.

For example, in cycling the person who cycles the course or distance in the fastest time is the winner.

In Hurdles, the person with the fastest time is the winner.

Winner is decided by Judges

The judges decide which performance looks the best and give points for the performance which is most controlled and pleasing to the eye. The winner is the person or team who has the most pleasing performance.

Winner is decided in a tie break/draw

In some activities the result could be

a tie or draw. Sometimes, for example

in a cup final, we need to find a winner.

This can be done in several ways.

In Football, if the result in a final is a draw,

the winner is decided in either extra time

or by taking penalties.

In Hockey, if the result in a final is a draw,

the winner is decided by penalties.

In Boxing, if both boxers make it to the

end of the fight, the judge’s award points

for the best fighting. The judges decide

the winner.

Adapting Activities

Activities can be changed to assist skill development and performance by adapting activity rules, scoring systems, equipment, duration, team size, lay-out, or playing area are changed to make skill learning or performance easier.

|Activity |Adaptation |Reason for |Effect of adaptation on |Effect of adaptation on |

| | |Adaptation |skill learning |performance |

|Football |No offside rule |It is less |I don’t have to worry |The game is stopped less |

| |(Rules) |confusing for |about my position in |and we get more shots at |

| | |beginners and |relation to opponents or |goal/score more goals |

| | |more goals |the timing of my runs | |

| | |will be scored |and I can concentrate on | |

| | | |learning the basic skills | |

|Basketball |Change from |In 5v5 game I |I get more of the ball and |I am under less pressure |

| |5v5 to 3v3 |get fewer |more opportunity to |and have more time, so |

| |(Team size) |touches of the |perform the skills in a |that it is easier for me to |

| | |ball, less |game |pass to my team mates |

| | |chances to | |or shoot at the basket |

| | |score and I am | | |

| | |put under a | | |

| | |lot of pressure | | |

|Football |Change from |Players or |I am able to keep |I can perform the skills of |

| |45 mins. each |learners tire |performing the skills of |the game at the best of |

| |way to 30 mins. |towards the |the game well, for the |my ability for the full |

| |each way |end of the 90 |whole of the practice |match without tiring |

| |(Duration) |mins. and are |match | |

| | |unable to | | |

| | |practice/play | | |

| | |effectively | | |

|Badminton |Change from |Easier to |It is less confusing and I | N/A |

| |only scoring a |Understand |find it easier to keep the | |

| |point if you |for a beginner |score accurately | |

| |win a rally | | | |

| |when serving, | | | |

| |to whoever | | | |

| |wins the rally | | | |

| |wins the point | | | |

| |(Scoring) | | | |

|Hockey/ |Change from |It is easier to |I get less tired when I am | N/A |

|Football |playing on a |cover |practising in the game | |

| |full size pitch |defensively |and I can keep | |

| |to playing |and puts less |concentrating on what I | |

| |game across |demand on |am trying to do in attack | |

| |half of the pitch |my fitness |or defence | |

| |(Playing area | | | |

| |or Layout) | | | |

Small Sided Games

Another way in which we can make learning easier is to change the numbers of players in a team.

For example, basketball teams normally have 5 players on court but by reducing this number to 3 we can ensure that players get more touches of the ball and therefore get more time to practise the skills they have learned.

Further Benefits of small sided games

More touches/possession of the ball.

More chance to perform the skills of the game.

More chances to score goals/points.

Less pressure when in possession.

More time to perform skills when in possession.

Pitch/court less crowded/more space to play in.

Effects of small sided games on skill learning and performance

|Team Game | Team size | Effect on skill learning | Effect on performance |

|Football |5v5 instead of 11v11 |I get more touches of the ball |I have more time and less |

|Basketball |3v3 instead of 5v5 |and more chance to perform |pressure when I get the ball |

|Hockey |5v5 instead of 11v11 |the skills in the game situation |and it is easier to pass to one |

| | |and it is easier to perform the |of my team mates because the |

| | |skills because I have more |pitch/court is less crowded |

| | |space to play in | |

Conditioned Games

In addition to adapting the rules, in school we sometimes apply conditions to games to assist skill learning and meet the needs of all participants

For Example

Practicing using more attackers than defenders

The benefits:

• Attacking team always has a free player to pass to.

• Easier for attacking team to get a shot at goal/more shots at goal.

• Defending team can practice under increased pressure.

Scoring

In basketball your teacher might condition the game so that you score 5 points if you score a basket using a lay-up.

We do this to encourage players to use skills that they have been learning.

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Activity – Football

Written/official rule – Offside rule

Description of rule

A player is in an offside position if he is

closer to the opponent's goal line than

both the ball and all but zero or one o

f the opposing players, but only if the

player is on his opponent's half of the pitch.

Activity - Basketball

Written/official rule – 3 second rule

Description of rule

Attacking players are only allowed in

the opposing teams’ zone for 3 seconds

when their team has possession of the ball.

Team Activity – Football

Unwritten Rule

Kick the ball out of play if a player is injured.

Reason for Rule

So that the injured player can receive

medical attention.

Individual Activity – Golf

Unwritten Rule

Stand still and keep quiet when players are playing.

Reason for Rule

So that you do not distract the players

when they are taking their shot

Team Activity – Football

Rule to ensure smooth running

Substitutions can only be made when the referee

has given permission and the play has stopped.

Reason activity runs smoothly

Play is not disrupted by the substitutions and

teams can reorganize as a result of the

substitution before play resumes.

Individual Activity – Tennis

Rule to ensure smooth running

Players are only allowed a 2 minutes

break when changing ends.

Reason activity runs smoothly

So that the game is not interrupted

for too long causing the players to

cool down which may result in injury.

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Rule: In football outfield players cannot handle the ball in open play.

Sanction: A free kick is awarded from where the offence occurred. Players may also be cautioned or sent off.

Rule: In tennis you must serve from behind the base line.

Sanction: A foul is called. If you repeat this twice in a row you will lose a point.

Rule: In gymnastics floor routines you must stay inside the marked floor area.

Sanction: A point is deducted from your score.

Rule: In 100m races you must stay inside your lane.

Sanction: You will be disqualified from the race.

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