UMK C.A.R.N.I.V.O.R.E.S. 3



Horse FeedThe ingredients of horse feed should be selected not only to provide the nutrients required, but also to be uniform in quality, to be free from harmful contaminants and dust and to balance dense energy-rich feeds with more bulky feeds. The rate of consumption of digestible energy (DE) should not be excessive and the stomach contents should retain an ‘open’ physical texture.Overview of Horse Feed TypeThere are several types of horse feeds. Following are the type of horse feed with some information and nutritive value.Meadow & Clover HayMeadow hay, similarly called pasture hay or mixed grass and legume hay, as well as clover hay, is available in the better rainfall, pasture improved areas throughout Australia, particularly where good spring rainfall results in a surplus of quality pasture growth.Meadow hay contains a mixture of pasture grasses, with a variable content of medics and clovers. Horses will normally select palatable species out of the hay as they eat it, leaving the more mature, coarse or prickly pasture plants. This is often a high wastage factor with meadow hay, but hungry horses will usually consume more than those being given the hay as a supplement at pasture.Lucerne Hay & Chaff (Green) (Alfalfa)These provide an excellent roughage base in the diets of growing, breeding and exercising horses. It provides additional protein, energy, calcium and other nutrients such as trace minerals and Vitamin D.Cereal Hay & Chaff (White)Wheaten or Oaten; Steamed Fine Cut or Rough Cut is widely used as a bulking roughage feed and is useful when mixed in to grained based diets for all types of Racing and Working horses.OatsAre still the most popular grain fed to horses as a starch based energy source. Is a "safe" grain to feed because of its high crude fibre content (10%) in the outer hull which dilutes it's starch content helping to reduce the risk of digestive upset. It is very palatable for horses as it has a "soft" kernel and is the easiest of all the cereal grains for horses to chew.Corn (Maize)The energy booster of cereal grains. Contains about 18% more digestible energy on a weight basis but twice as much energy as compared to Oats on a volume basis. Heat waste from hindgut fermentation of the lower fibre and crude protein content in corn (maize) is about 10% less than Oats making it a suitable energy source under hot conditions where some horses develop reduced appetites.Extruded or Micronized Corn helps to significantly reduce the risk of excess raw starch being rapidly fermented in the hindgut and its associated side effects.BarleyHas and energy density 10% higher on a weight basis and about 30% higher on a volume basis than Oats. It has lower outer hull content (10 - 14% by weight) than Oats. Also available in Extruded or Micronized form this increases the starch digestion in the small intestine from 23 - 25% in raw form to 80 - 90% and improves its palatability.Micronized Maize & BarleyMicronized is a rapid thermal cooking process which produces grain flakes with superior nutrient availability, increased digestibility and extremely palatable flavours.Grains and seeds have always played an important part in balanced nutrition. However, in the raw state, cereals and legume grains may contain an inaccessible and therefore indigestible starch structure and occasionally some anti-nutritional factors.LupinsThese are a popular energy and protein supplement for horses with the white seed varieties the only recommended ones for equines. Lupin seeds contain an average of 7% fat and around 33% crude protein on average, with energy content similar to corn on a weight basis.They have a reputation as a "cool" form of energy since they do not contain starch and have a higher natural fat, protein and fermentable carbohydrate fibre content (up to 15%)They do need to be crushed or rolled prior to feeding to improve their utilization as the seeds are difficult for horses to chew when whole.Sunflower SeedsAre a popular energy, protein and cont conditioning feed for horses. They contain up to 26% oil and are higher in energy than cereal grains. Contain between 17 - 23% crude protein and horse find the whole seed palatable.Faba / Tick / Horse BeansBean seeds are legumes which provide approximately 25% crude protemin, 1 -3% fat. 7 - 8% crude fibre and about 15g. Lysine per kilogram with digestible energy content similar to cereal grains. Like lupins and peas, beans do not contain starch. They also need to be crushed or rolled prior to feeding to enhances chewing and digestion.RiceRice starch is well digested even in its raw non-cooked state. The starch content is broken polished rice, a by-product of human rice production, is 100% digested by horses. Brown rice or unpolished rice with hulls removed has similar energy content to corn (maize) but because the starch is digested primarily in the small intestine it is more suitable as a "cool" feed for horses as compared to corn (maize).Sweet FeedThese are balanced, scientifically formulated mixes of grains and ingredients that provide highly digestible forms of energy and protein.They are pre-mixed with oats, cooked grains, specially blened vegetable oils and molasses to maximise speed, stamina and staying-power.Wheat BranBran is made from the fibrous coating on wheat grain. Various forms are available, graded as flaky, coarse or fine bran, or mixed as coarse "mill run" or "mill mix" bran. Bran is palatable to horses, it is bulky with a low weight per volume (density), containing 8-11% crude fibre, 4% fat and 14-16% crude protein. Although bran is slightly higher in the majority of essential amino acids than whole wheat, it is still low in those required for growth.Nutrition Comparison of Horse Feed(Average value as fed, 90% Dry Matter, unless otherwise stated)FeedDig.Energy(MJDE/KG)Crude Protein %Lysine %Crude Fat %Crude Fibre %MAD Fibre %Ca(g/kg)Zn(mg/kg)Mn(mg/kg)Vit AVit DVit Eiu/kg?????????MeadowHayClover/ Cereal(Estimate)7.39.8-2.129.00.06.824.030.0---??????????LucernePre Bloom9.318.0-4.120.733.613.433.542.2---???????????LucerneEarly Bloom8.517.00.812.822.530.412.227.332.821000200023???????????LucerneMid Bloom7.916.00.802.425.535.011.828.155.1550001000-???????????LucerneFull Bloom7.715.50.792.427.337.710.823.738.398501000-???????????Wheat Hay Chaff(Average)7.07.70.152.025.737.01.355.0135.6126,0001,000-???????????Oaten Hay Chaff(Average)7.48.60.152.229.131.92.938.165.012,8001,000-???????????Oats11.49.60.364.510.017.11.023.838.2400-17.5???????????Soyabean(Whole Full Fat)15.438.02.418.05.4-2.546.333.21500-31.9???????????Canola Meal(Mech Ext)11.536.01.72.613.213.36.060.950.8--18.8???????????Linseed Seed?(Whole)18.121.10.8636.06.313.82.2-38.7--7.7???????????Copra Meal(Mech Ext)14.022.00.548.015.0-2.050.957.4---???????????Cotton Seed Meal(Mech Ext)12.241.01.63.712.222.51.861.027.0--3.5???????????Peanut Meal(Mech Ext)12.647.01.541.312.222.52.033.027.0--2.8???????????Sunflower Seeds(Whole)18.723.00.9526.029.0-2.068.629.9---???????????Lupin Seeds(Full Fat)13.733.81.69.512.522.52.333.622.8---???????????Wheat Bran11.015.00.573.810.012.51.496.2111.24,400-21Source: AFIC (1987), NRC (1989), Ensminger at al (1990), Lewis (1995), Frape (1997), Feedstuffs Annual (1997)The right amount at each feeding timeFor your horse’s digestive tract to function at its best, she should consume a minimum of 1 to 2 percent of her body weight per day in a long-stem dry matter, either pasture or hay. That means that the typical 1000 pound horse should eat 10 to 20 pound of forage daily.ReferencesDavid Frape, Equine Nutrition and Feeding, 4th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell Publication, 2010Audrey P., Kate Gentry-Running, Horse Health & Nutrition for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, Inc. 2008 ................
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