Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior
AP Psychology
Unit 4: Sensation and Perception
Lecture Notes
Part 1 – Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception
Sensation:
Perception:
Types of Processing
Bottom-up processing:
Top-down processing:
Basic Principles of Sensation
Absolute threshold:
Just-noticeable difference (JND):
Weber’s Law:
Subliminal sensation:
Priming:
Higgins et al. (1977)
IV:
DV:
Results:
Bargh & Chartrand (1999)
IV:
DV:
Results:
Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996): Study 1
IV:
DV:
Results:
Study 2:
IV:
DV:
Results:
Strahan et al. (2002)
IVs:
DV:
Results:
Signal detection theory:
| |Reported Signal? |
| |Yes |No |
| |Yes | | |
|Signal | | | |
|Present? | | | |
| |No | | |
Sensory adaptation:
Transduction:
Part 2 – The Senses (and How We Perceive Them)
Vision
Visual sensation:
Amplitude:
Wavelength:
Parts of the eye
Cornea:
Pupil:
Iris:
Lens:
Ciliary muscles:
Retina:
Rods:
Cones:
Fovea:
Optic nerve:
Visual Perception
Inversion of images:
Feature detector neurons:
Parallel vs. serial processing
Parallel:
Serial:
Visual Perception, cont.
Color Vision
2 theories of color vision:
1. Trichromatic theory:
2. Opponent-process theory:
Afterimages:
Color-blindness
Figure:
Ground:
Depth Perception
Visual cliff:
Binocular cues to depth:
Retinal disparity:
Monocular cues to depth:
Relative size:
Interposition:
Relative clarity:
Texture gradient:
Relative height:
Relative motion:
Linear perspective:
Light and shadow:
Motion Perception
Examples of apparent motion:
Stroboscopic effect:
Phi phenomenon:
Perceptual Constancy
Size constancy:
Shape constancy:
Critical period:
Perceptual set:
Schema:
Attention: The Gateway to Awareness
Attention:
Selective attention:
Pop-out:
Change blindness:
Stroop effect:
Hearing
Sound waves
Amplitude:
Wavelength:
Structures of the Ear
Auditory transduction
Cilia:
How do we perceive pitch? 2 theories:
1. Place theory:
2. Frequency theory:
Cocktail party effect:
Deafness
Nerve deafness:
Conduction deafness:
Smell
Herz et al. (2004)
IV:
DV:
Results:
Smell and memory
Evolutionary explanation:
Biological explanation:
Pheromones:
Taste
Taste buds:
Somasthetic Senses
Touch
Pain
Congenital analgesia:
Bottom-up experience of pain:
Top-down experience of pain:
Gate-control theory of pain:
Kinesthetic Sense
Vestibular Sense
Magnetic Sense
Part 3 – Synesthesia
Synesthesia
Grapheme-color synesthesia:
Ideasthesia:
Music-color synesthesia:
Lexical-gustatory synesthesia:
Number-form synesthesia:
Ordinal-linguistic personification:
Why does synesthesia happen?
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