PEARL HARBOR: FAILURE OF INTELLIGENCE? - DTIC
AU/AWC/RWP152/97-04
AIR WAR COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY
PEARL HARBOR: FAILURE OF INTELLIGENCE?
by Robert F. Piacine, Lt Col, USAF
A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Curriculum Requirements
Advisor: Dr. Malcolm D. Muir, Jr. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
April 1997
Report Documentation Page
Report Date 01APR1997
Report Type N/A
Dates Covered (from... to) -
Title and Subtitle Pearl Harbor: Failure of Intelligence?
Author(s) Piacine, Robert F.
Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(es) Air War College Maxwell AFB, Al 36112 Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s) and Address(es)
Distribution/Availability Statement Approved for public release, distribution unlimited Supplementary Notes Abstract Subject Terms Report Classification unclassified Classification of Abstract unclassified Number of Pages 99
Contract Number DE-AC22-96EW96405 Grant Number Program Element Number Project Number Task Number Work Unit Number Performing Organization Report Number
Sponsor/Monitor's Acronym(s) Sponsor/Monitor's Report Number(s)
Classification of this page unclassified Limitation of Abstract UU
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, it is not copyrighted, but is the property of the United States government.
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Contents
Page
DISCLAIMER .................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi
PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... ix
DAY OF INFAMY ..............................................................................................................1
EVOLUTION OF THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY ........................................6 1775-1917--The Formative Years..................................................................................6 1917-1929--Renewed Interest in the Aftermath of World War I...................................8 1929-1941--Isolationism, Downsizing, and Neglect .....................................................9 Summary .......................................................................................................................11
OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY IN 1941..........................13 Overview .......................................................................................................................13 Federal Bureau of Investigation ....................................................................................14 State Department...........................................................................................................15 Military Intelligence Organizations...............................................................................16 Navy Department--U.S. Navy......................................................................................22 Summary .......................................................................................................................28
THE SUCCESS OF INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION PRIOR TO DECEMBER 7, 1941............................................................................................................................31
Overview .......................................................................................................................31 COMINT .......................................................................................................................31 HUMINT .......................................................................................................................35 Aerial Reconnaissance ..................................................................................................39 Japanese Planning, Security, and Deception Activities ................................................41 Summary .......................................................................................................................44
INTELLIGENCE AVAILABLE TO U.S. DECISION-MAKERS....................................48 Overview .......................................................................................................................48
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Washington, D.C...........................................................................................................49 MAGIC Purple Code Intercepts ....................................................................................49 Negotiation Instructions ................................................................................................50 Codes and Code Destruction.........................................................................................53 Espionage ......................................................................................................................56 Last Minute Signals.......................................................................................................57
Aftermath..................................................................................................................60 Hawaii ......................................................................................................................73 Summary .......................................................................................................................80 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................84 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................87
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