PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, NOT FOR …
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PICOT, ? Jones & Bartlett Learning,
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Problem Statement,
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Research Question, Hypothesis ? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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At the conclusion of this chapter, the learner will be able to
1. Discuss processes involved in identifying a researchable problem in nursing practice
lett Learning, L2L. CWrite an effective problem?staJteomneenst & Bartlett Learning, LLC E OR DISTRIBUT3.IODiNscuss essential characteNrisOticTs FneOedRedStoApLoEseOa RresDeaIrSchTqRuIeBstUionTION
4. Identify the criteria for establishing research variables
5. Contrast the various types of hypotheses
6. Explain the differences between conceptual and operational definitions
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Key Terms
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Categorical variable Causal hypothesis
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Confounding variable Continuous variable
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122 | Chapter 5 PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, Hypothesis
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Dependent variable
Null hypothesis
Dichotomous variable
Problem statement
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Extraneous variable
Research?hyJpootnheessis & Bartlett Learning, ResearchNqOueTstiFonOR SALE OR DISTRIB
Simple hypothesis
Hypothesis
Variable
Independent variable
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Every research study begins with a problem the researcher would like
to solve. For such a problem to be researchable, it must be one that
can be studied through collecting and analyzing data. Some problems,
although interesting, are by their nature not appropriate research
Jones & BartletptrLobelaemrnsibnegca,uLseLtChey are not researchable.?ProJbolenmessin&voBlvianrgtlmeottraLl earning,
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lems are based on an individual's values. For example, one could not
research a question such as "Should marijuana use be legalized?"
because the answer to the question depends on one's values rather
than on a clearly right or wrong answer. This is not to say that mari-
lett Learning, LjLuaCna use cannot be stud?iedJ. oOnneesc&oulBdasrttuldeyttpLeeopalren'sinogpi,nLioLnCs
E OR DISTRIBUTreIgOarNding marijuana use. FNorOeTxaFmOplRe, SonAeLmEigOhtRasDkItShTe RquIBesUtioTnI,ON "Do cancer patients hold more favorable opinions regarding legaliza-
tion of marijuana use than the general public?" The need to avoid
moral/ethical questions as a research topic applies to both quantitative
and qualitative studies.
? JonesO&thBerafractlteortst iLnefluaernncienwgh, eLthLeCr a problem is researchab?leJuosinneg s & Bartl
NOTqFuOanRtitaStiAveLmEeOthRodsD. FISorTaRpIrBobUleTmIOtoNbe considered researcNhaObTle bFyOR SALE quantitative methods, the variables to be studied must be clearly
defined and measurable. This clarity is necessary to apply statistical
measures that will identify relationships among the variables. Qualita-
tive studies are not subject to the same restriction, as the purpose of
Jones & BartletthLeseeasrtundiniegs ,isLtoLCdescribe in detail the phe?noJmoenneons o&f iBntaerretslteatst iLt earning,
OT FOR SALE OiRs pDerIcSeiTvRedIBbyUtTheIOstNudy subjects. In otherNwOorTdsF, qOuRalitSatAivLe EstuOdiResDISTRIB are descriptive in nature and are not concerned with relationships
among variables.
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Introduction | 123
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There are a number of sources from which researchable problems
can arise. Personal experience, whether as a healthcare professional
or as a consumer of health care, is a rich source. For example,
Jones & BartletrtevLieewairnnginpgro,cLedLuCre manuals might raise ?theJoquneestsio&n, B"DaortelseottneLearning,
OT FOR SALE OpRrocDeIdSuTreRfoIBr UgiTviInOgNmouth care apply to aNllOpaTtieFnOtsR?" SInAcLonEsiOdeRr- DISTRIB ing such diverse groups of patients as those with endotracheal or
nasogastric tubes in place; those with full-blown AIDS, often accom-
panied by buccal mucosal lesions; and cancer patients on chemo-
therapy, one might ask, "Does one size fit all, or should separate
lett Learning, LpLrCocedures be established?foJroenacehs c&aseB?"arTthleutst, Lasemaranniynagu,thLoLrCs
E OR DISTRIBUTpoIOinNt out (Macnee & McCaNbOe,T20F0O8;RNoSrAwLooEd,O2R01D0;ISPoTliRt I&BBUeTckI,ON 2010; Schmidt & Brown, 2012), practice experience is a major
source for identifying gaps in knowledge that would benefit from
research.
The nursing literature can also be a valuable source for research-
? Jonabeles &proBbalermtlse,ttpaLretiacurlnarinlygf,oLr LtChe novice researcher (?BuJrnosn&es & Bartl
NOT GFrOovRe, S2A00L7E; NOoRrwDooISd,T2R0I1B0U; PToIOlitN& Beck, 2010). For eNxOamTpFleO, R SALE
the researcher might identify a topic of interest and then review
the nursing research literature to determine which kinds of studies
have been done in that area. Seeing how other researchers have
approached a problem can often spark new ideas or perhaps point
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statement, the research literature, including unpublished disserta-
tions and theses as well as published research articles, provides
direct assistance through specific suggestions for future research in
the area. These suggestions may be offered under a special heading
lett Learning, LfLoCr future research, or the?y Jmoany ebse &parBt aorftltehtet dLisecaursnsioinngo,fLtLheC
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Social issues often give rise to topics relevant to healthcare
research (Norwood, 2010; Polit & Beck, 2008, 2010). For example,
the feminist movement raised questions about gender equity in health
care and in healthcare research. The civil rights movement led to
? Jonreesesar&chBonarmtlientotriLtyeaheranltihngpr,oLblLemCs in general and to exp?lorJatoionnes s & Bartl
NOToFfOthRe dSiAffeLreEncOesRinDeISffeTcRtivIeBnUesTs IoOf Nmedical treatment in NdiOffeTreFntOR SALE ethnic groups.
Shifts in the U.S. population including increasing numbers of
elderly, and increasing numbers of individuals with one or more
chronic diseases, also provide impetus for healthcare research. For
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& DeCoster, 2010). The rising epidemic of obesity at all ages of the
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124 | Chapter 5 PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, Hypothesis
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NOT pFoOpuRlatSioAnL, EanOd RespDeIcSiaTllyRIiBn UcThiIlOdhNood, highlights the NneOedT fFoOr R SALE
research into methods to promote skill building with regard to healthy
lifestyles (Melnyk, 2008).The Institute of Medicine's report on profes-
sional education suggests that these shifts in population and changing
Jones & BartletftacLeeoaf ronuirnsogc,ieLtyLaClso demand a revamping?ofJporonfeesssio&naBl eadrutclaettiot nLearning, OT FOR SALE OtCoRarbeDetSIteSerrTvdiRceeaIslB,w2Ui0tTh0I3tOh).eNse issues (Institute of MNeOdiTcinFeOBRoarSdAoLnEHeOalRth DISTRIB
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questions, and/or hypotheses for each one. (1) Which information has
been used to determine the method of catheterizing a laboring
mother? (2) Which information serves as the basis for the range of
blood sugars used within newly diagnosed elderly diabetics? (3) Which
? Jonietesms&nBeeadrttolebettinLceluaderdninntogt,hLe LfoCrmation of a problem state?meJnto, nes & Bartl
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The research priorities of the profession, and particularly of the
funding bodies interested in healthcare research, are also a primary Jones & BartletstoLurecaerfnoringgen, eLraLtCing researchable problem?s (JBounrness&&GrBovaer,tl2e0t1t1L; earning, OT FOR SALE ONRorDwIoSoTd,R2IB01U0T).IOFoNr example, the NatioNnOal TInFstOituRteSoAf LNEurOsinRg DISTRIB
Research (NINR, n.d.) is the largest federal funding body dedicated
specifically to nursing research. The NINR has as its mission "to
promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communi-
ties, and populations" (p. 4). The Institute supports both clinical and lett Learning, LbLaCsic research, and also pro?vidJeosnfuensdi&ngBfoarrtrelesetatrcLheear rtrnainign,g.LTLheC
E OR DISTRIBUTonIOgoNing funding prioritieNs OofTthFeONRINSRALarEe OlisRtedDiInSTTRabIlBe U5T-1I.ON Further elaboration within each priority is provided in the NINR
strategic plan located on the Institute's website: .
gov/AboutNINR/NINRMissionandStrategicPlan
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Funding Priorities of NINR
1. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
2. Advancing Quality of Life: Symptom Management
Jones & Bartlett 3L. ePaallirantiveinangd,EnLdL-ofC-Life Care
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Source: National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). (n.d.). NINR mission. Retrieved
from
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Examining Feasibility of the Problem | 125
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DNeOteTrmFOinRinSgASLEigOnRificDaISnTcReIBoUf TtIhOeN Problem
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Once the problem of interest has been identified, and before going any further, the researcher must determine the significance of the Jones & BartletptrLobelaemrntionngu,rLsinLgCas well as the feasibility?ofJsotundyeisng&thBe aprrotlbeletmt L. earning, OT FOR SALE OSoRifgnaDuifitIhScaoTnrscReaIrgBerfeUeerTsoItnOo Nwthheecthrietreraiaprtohbaltemcanis bwNeoOurtsThedsFtutOodyRdineSgte.ArAmLniEunmeObthReer DISTRIB significance of a problem to nursing (Burns & Grove, 2011; LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010; Polit & Beck, 2008):
Will nursing's stakeholders (patients, nurses, healthcare comlett Learning, LLC munity) benefit fro?m Jthoenfiensdin&gsBoafrtthleetsttuLdey?arning, LLC E OR DISTRIBUTION Will the findings NbeOaTppFliOcaRbleSAtoLpEraOctRiceD, IeSduTcRatIiBonU, ToIrON
administration? Will the findings extend or support current theory, or generate
new theory? Will the findings support current nursing practice or provide ? Jones &eBviaderntlceetftoLr echaarnngiinngg,cuLrLreCnt practice and/or polici?es?Jones & Bartl NOT SFoOmRe aSutAhoLrEitieOs RrecDomISmTeRnIdBtUhaTt ItOwoNadditional criteria beNcOonTsiFd-OR SALE ered when determining the significance of a problem:
Will the findings address nursing research priorities? (Burns & Grove, 2007; Polit & Beck, 2010)
Jones & Bartlett LearWniinllgt,heLLreCsults of the proposed ?stuJdoy nbeusild&oBn aprrtelveitotuLs earning, OT FOR SALE OR DISfiTnRdiInBgUs?T(IBOurNns & Grove, 2011; PoNlitO&TBeFcOk,R20S0A8,L2E01O0)R DISTRIB
If the research problem does not meet the majority of these criteria, it should be reworked or, if that is not possible, simply abandoned. The single most important of these criteria is perhaps the first EleOttRLDeaISrnTiRnIgB,ULTombLneIuCOean:nNiWtsyw)ielblreennduerwfistiintfhrgo'samrsettahskoeeufihnn?NoddlidOinJnegTorgss"nFyo(eepOfssat,Rht"i&eetnShstBteuAsn,adLynrthE?tuleIrefsOpetthtsrRo,iLsbhDqeleeuaamISelrtshnTtiiscioRanpnrIgerBco,abcUnLoanbTmLolIyC-tON not worth studying. Nursing is a discipline that takes pride in research aimed at benefitting patients and changing practice for the better. In the move to evidence-based practice (EBP), benefit to patients and ?NOJTonaoiFnpregOpeslviRtcih&daebeSniBlAsciitaegyLrnfEttoiolfireOcpctathrnRaacLcnetDeigcaioIenSrf--gnTacaiRnunrrdIgeBrse,eeUnsLaptrTLcephIcCrOiaacplNtlryicoesbu--lepmapro.erAtpcafocraormrcduoinrurgnetntti?NonpOarFJasaToscretrnisFecslee-Ol sR&SBAaLrEtl (2006), "Practices are sorely needed that are based on sound evidence" (p. 119).
OJTonFeOsR&SBEAaxLraEtlmeOtitRnLinDegaISrnTFiRenIagB,sULibTLiIClOitNy of the Proble?NmOJTonFeOsR&SBAaLrEtleOttRLDeaISrnTiRnIgB,
Feasibility refers to whether the study can be done. It includes considerations such as cost of the study, availability of study subjects, time
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