PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, NOT FOR …

E OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

5? Jones & Bartl

C h ap t erNOT FOR SALE

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

PICOT, ? Jones & Bartlett Learning,

OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB

Problem Statement,

lett Learning, LLC E OR DISTRIBUTION

Research Question, Hypothesis ? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartlett LearninLguc, yLLB.CTrice and Kathaleen C?. BJlooonmes & Bartl

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

OT FOR SACLhEapOteRr DOISbjTeRctIiBvUesTION

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB

At the conclusion of this chapter, the learner will be able to

1. Discuss processes involved in identifying a researchable problem in nursing practice

lett Learning, L2L. CWrite an effective problem?staJteomneenst & Bartlett Learning, LLC E OR DISTRIBUT3.IODiNscuss essential characteNrisOticTs FneOedRedStoApLoEseOa RresDeaIrSchTqRuIeBstUionTION

4. Identify the criteria for establishing research variables

5. Contrast the various types of hypotheses

6. Explain the differences between conceptual and operational definitions

? Jon7.eCsrit&icaBllyaervatllueattte Lreeseaarrcnhinquge,stLionLsCand hypotheses found in re?seaJrcohnes & Bartl NOT FOreRporStsAfoLr tEheiOr cRontDribIuStiTonRtoIBthUe TstIreOnNgth of evidence for nursinNg pOraTctiFceOR SALE

Key Terms

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALAEssoOciRativDeIhSyTpoRthIeBsiUs TION

Categorical variable Causal hypothesis

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, ComplexNhyOpoTthFesOisR SALE OR DISTRIB

Confounding variable Continuous variable

E OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

122 | Chapter 5 PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, Hypothesis

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

? Jones & Bartl

NDOemTogFraOpRhicSvaAriLabEle OR DISTRIBUTINOoNndirectional hypothesis NOT FOR SALE

Dependent variable

Null hypothesis

Dichotomous variable

Problem statement

Jones & BaDritrleecttitonLael hayrpnotihnegsi,s LLC OT FOR SALDEiscOretRe vDarIiaSbTleRIBUTION

Extraneous variable

Research?hyJpootnheessis & Bartlett Learning, ResearchNqOueTstiFonOR SALE OR DISTRIB

Simple hypothesis

Hypothesis

Variable

Independent variable

lett Learning, LLC E OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

In?troJodnuecsti&onBartlett Learning, LLC

? Jones & Bartl

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE

Every research study begins with a problem the researcher would like

to solve. For such a problem to be researchable, it must be one that

can be studied through collecting and analyzing data. Some problems,

although interesting, are by their nature not appropriate research

Jones & BartletptrLobelaemrnsibnegca,uLseLtChey are not researchable.?ProJbolenmessin&voBlvianrgtlmeottraLl earning,

OT FOR SALE OoRr eDthIiScaTlRisIsBueUs TarIeOnNot researchable, as theNsOolTutiFoOnsRtoSthAeLseEpOroRb- DISTRIB

lems are based on an individual's values. For example, one could not

research a question such as "Should marijuana use be legalized?"

because the answer to the question depends on one's values rather

than on a clearly right or wrong answer. This is not to say that mari-

lett Learning, LjLuaCna use cannot be stud?iedJ. oOnneesc&oulBdasrttuldeyttpLeeopalren'sinogpi,nLioLnCs

E OR DISTRIBUTreIgOarNding marijuana use. FNorOeTxaFmOplRe, SonAeLmEigOhtRasDkItShTe RquIBesUtioTnI,ON "Do cancer patients hold more favorable opinions regarding legaliza-

tion of marijuana use than the general public?" The need to avoid

moral/ethical questions as a research topic applies to both quantitative

and qualitative studies.

? JonesO&thBerafractlteortst iLnefluaernncienwgh, eLthLeCr a problem is researchab?leJuosinneg s & Bartl

NOTqFuOanRtitaStiAveLmEeOthRodsD. FISorTaRpIrBobUleTmIOtoNbe considered researcNhaObTle bFyOR SALE quantitative methods, the variables to be studied must be clearly

defined and measurable. This clarity is necessary to apply statistical

measures that will identify relationships among the variables. Qualita-

tive studies are not subject to the same restriction, as the purpose of

Jones & BartletthLeseeasrtundiniegs ,isLtoLCdescribe in detail the phe?noJmoenneons o&f iBntaerretslteatst iLt earning,

OT FOR SALE OiRs pDerIcSeiTvRedIBbyUtTheIOstNudy subjects. In otherNwOorTdsF, qOuRalitSatAivLe EstuOdiResDISTRIB are descriptive in nature and are not concerned with relationships

among variables.

E OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Introduction | 123

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT IFdeOnRtifySinAg LREeseOaRrchDabISleTPRroIbBleUmTsION

? Jones & Bartl NOT FOR SALE

There are a number of sources from which researchable problems

can arise. Personal experience, whether as a healthcare professional

or as a consumer of health care, is a rich source. For example,

Jones & BartletrtevLieewairnnginpgro,cLedLuCre manuals might raise ?theJoquneestsio&n, B"DaortelseottneLearning,

OT FOR SALE OpRrocDeIdSuTreRfoIBr UgiTviInOgNmouth care apply to aNllOpaTtieFnOtsR?" SInAcLonEsiOdeRr- DISTRIB ing such diverse groups of patients as those with endotracheal or

nasogastric tubes in place; those with full-blown AIDS, often accom-

panied by buccal mucosal lesions; and cancer patients on chemo-

therapy, one might ask, "Does one size fit all, or should separate

lett Learning, LpLrCocedures be established?foJroenacehs c&aseB?"arTthleutst, Lasemaranniynagu,thLoLrCs

E OR DISTRIBUTpoIOinNt out (Macnee & McCaNbOe,T20F0O8;RNoSrAwLooEd,O2R01D0;ISPoTliRt I&BBUeTckI,ON 2010; Schmidt & Brown, 2012), practice experience is a major

source for identifying gaps in knowledge that would benefit from

research.

The nursing literature can also be a valuable source for research-

? Jonabeles &proBbalermtlse,ttpaLretiacurlnarinlygf,oLr LtChe novice researcher (?BuJrnosn&es & Bartl

NOT GFrOovRe, S2A00L7E; NOoRrwDooISd,T2R0I1B0U; PToIOlitN& Beck, 2010). For eNxOamTpFleO, R SALE

the researcher might identify a topic of interest and then review

the nursing research literature to determine which kinds of studies

have been done in that area. Seeing how other researchers have

approached a problem can often spark new ideas or perhaps point

Jones & BartletttoLsetuadrinesinthga,t LwLouCld benefit from replicat?ionJ.oInneadsd&itioBnatrotloeftfetrL- earning,

OT FOR SALE OiRngDsIuScThRinIBdiUreTctIOaNssistance in the deveNloOpmT eFnOt Rof SaApLrEobOleRm DISTRIB

statement, the research literature, including unpublished disserta-

tions and theses as well as published research articles, provides

direct assistance through specific suggestions for future research in

the area. These suggestions may be offered under a special heading

lett Learning, LfLoCr future research, or the?y Jmoany ebse &parBt aorftltehtet dLisecaursnsioinngo,fLtLheC

E OR DISTRIBUTfinIOdiNngs.

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Social issues often give rise to topics relevant to healthcare

research (Norwood, 2010; Polit & Beck, 2008, 2010). For example,

the feminist movement raised questions about gender equity in health

care and in healthcare research. The civil rights movement led to

? Jonreesesar&chBonarmtlientotriLtyeaheranltihngpr,oLblLemCs in general and to exp?lorJatoionnes s & Bartl

NOToFfOthRe dSiAffeLreEncOesRinDeISffeTcRtivIeBnUesTs IoOf Nmedical treatment in NdiOffeTreFntOR SALE ethnic groups.

Shifts in the U.S. population including increasing numbers of

elderly, and increasing numbers of individuals with one or more

chronic diseases, also provide impetus for healthcare research. For

Jones & BartlettexLameaprlentihnege,mLeLrgCence of conditions such ?as AJlozhneeimse&r'sBDaisretalseethtaLs earning,

OT FOR SALE OlRedDtoISreTseRarIcBhUdTeaIlOinNg with the nursing carNe oOfTthFesOe pRatSieAntLs,EasOwRellDISTRIB as research in how best to give "care for the caregiver" (Elliott, Burgio,

& DeCoster, 2010). The rising epidemic of obesity at all ages of the

E OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

124 | Chapter 5 PICOT, Problem Statement, Research Question, Hypothesis

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

? Jones & Bartl

NOT pFoOpuRlatSioAnL, EanOd RespDeIcSiaTllyRIiBn UcThiIlOdhNood, highlights the NneOedT fFoOr R SALE

research into methods to promote skill building with regard to healthy

lifestyles (Melnyk, 2008).The Institute of Medicine's report on profes-

sional education suggests that these shifts in population and changing

Jones & BartletftacLeeoaf ronuirnsogc,ieLtyLaClso demand a revamping?ofJporonfeesssio&naBl eadrutclaettiot nLearning, OT FOR SALE OtCoRarbeDetSIteSerrTvdiRceeaIslB,w2Ui0tTh0I3tOh).eNse issues (Institute of MNeOdiTcinFeOBRoarSdAoLnEHeOalRth DISTRIB

lett Learning, LLC

? Think Outside the Box ? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

E OR DISTRIBUTUIOsinNg the following exampleNs,OdeTveFloOp RproSblAemLEstaOtemRenDtsI,SreTsReaIBrchUTION

questions, and/or hypotheses for each one. (1) Which information has

been used to determine the method of catheterizing a laboring

mother? (2) Which information serves as the basis for the range of

blood sugars used within newly diagnosed elderly diabetics? (3) Which

? Jonietesms&nBeeadrttolebettinLceluaderdninntogt,hLe LfoCrmation of a problem state?meJnto, nes & Bartl

NOT FreOsRearSchAqLueEstOionR, aDndIShyTpRotIhBesUisT? ION

NOT FOR SALE

The research priorities of the profession, and particularly of the

funding bodies interested in healthcare research, are also a primary Jones & BartletstoLurecaerfnoringgen, eLraLtCing researchable problem?s (JBounrness&&GrBovaer,tl2e0t1t1L; earning, OT FOR SALE ONRorDwIoSoTd,R2IB01U0T).IOFoNr example, the NatioNnOal TInFstOituRteSoAf LNEurOsinRg DISTRIB

Research (NINR, n.d.) is the largest federal funding body dedicated

specifically to nursing research. The NINR has as its mission "to

promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communi-

ties, and populations" (p. 4). The Institute supports both clinical and lett Learning, LbLaCsic research, and also pro?vidJeosnfuensdi&ngBfoarrtrelesetatrcLheear rtrnainign,g.LTLheC

E OR DISTRIBUTonIOgoNing funding prioritieNs OofTthFeONRINSRALarEe OlisRtedDiInSTTRabIlBe U5T-1I.ON Further elaboration within each priority is provided in the NINR

strategic plan located on the Institute's website: .

gov/AboutNINR/NINRMissionandStrategicPlan

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOTaRbleS5A-1LE OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartl NOT FOR SALE

Funding Priorities of NINR

1. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

2. Advancing Quality of Life: Symptom Management

Jones & Bartlett 3L. ePaallirantiveinangd,EnLdL-ofC-Life Care

? Jones & Bartlett Learning,

OT FOR SALE OR4.DInnIoSvaTtioRn IBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB

Source: National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). (n.d.). NINR mission. Retrieved

from

E OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Examining Feasibility of the Problem | 125

? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

DNeOteTrmFOinRinSgASLEigOnRificDaISnTcReIBoUf TtIhOeN Problem

? Jones & Bartl NOT FOR SALE

Once the problem of interest has been identified, and before going any further, the researcher must determine the significance of the Jones & BartletptrLobelaemrntionngu,rLsinLgCas well as the feasibility?ofJsotundyeisng&thBe aprrotlbeletmt L. earning, OT FOR SALE OSoRifgnaDuifitIhScaoTnrscReaIrgBerfeUeerTsoItnOo Nwthheecthrietreraiaprtohbaltemcanis bwNeoOurtsThedsFtutOodyRdineSgte.ArAmLniEunmeObthReer DISTRIB significance of a problem to nursing (Burns & Grove, 2011; LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010; Polit & Beck, 2008):

Will nursing's stakeholders (patients, nurses, healthcare comlett Learning, LLC munity) benefit fro?m Jthoenfiensdin&gsBoafrtthleetsttuLdey?arning, LLC E OR DISTRIBUTION Will the findings NbeOaTppFliOcaRbleSAtoLpEraOctRiceD, IeSduTcRatIiBonU, ToIrON

administration? Will the findings extend or support current theory, or generate

new theory? Will the findings support current nursing practice or provide ? Jones &eBviaderntlceetftoLr echaarnngiinngg,cuLrLreCnt practice and/or polici?es?Jones & Bartl NOT SFoOmRe aSutAhoLrEitieOs RrecDomISmTeRnIdBtUhaTt ItOwoNadditional criteria beNcOonTsiFd-OR SALE ered when determining the significance of a problem:

Will the findings address nursing research priorities? (Burns & Grove, 2007; Polit & Beck, 2010)

Jones & Bartlett LearWniinllgt,heLLreCsults of the proposed ?stuJdoy nbeusild&oBn aprrtelveitotuLs earning, OT FOR SALE OR DISfiTnRdiInBgUs?T(IBOurNns & Grove, 2011; PoNlitO&TBeFcOk,R20S0A8,L2E01O0)R DISTRIB

If the research problem does not meet the majority of these criteria, it should be reworked or, if that is not possible, simply abandoned. The single most important of these criteria is perhaps the first EleOttRLDeaISrnTiRnIgB,ULTombLneIuCOean:nNiWtsyw)ielblreennduerwfistiintfhrgo'samrsettahskoeeufihnn?NoddlidOinJnegTorgss"nFyo(eepOfssat,Rht"i&eetnShstBteuAsn,adLynrthE?tuleIrefsOpetthtsrRo,iLsbhDqeleeuaamISelrtshnTtiiscioRanpnrIgerBco,abcUnLoanbTmLolIyC-tON not worth studying. Nursing is a discipline that takes pride in research aimed at benefitting patients and changing practice for the better. In the move to evidence-based practice (EBP), benefit to patients and ?NOJTonaoiFnpregOpeslviRtcih&daebeSniBlAsciitaegyLrnfEttoiolfireOcpctathrnRaacLcnetDeigcaioIenSrf--gnTacaiRnunrrdIgeBrse,eeUnsLaptrTLcephIcCrOiaacplNtlryicoesbu--lepmapro.erAtpcafocraormrcduoinrurgnetntti?NonpOarFJasaToscretrnisFecslee-Ol sR&SBAaLrEtl (2006), "Practices are sorely needed that are based on sound evidence" (p. 119).

OJTonFeOsR&SBEAaxLraEtlmeOtitRnLinDegaISrnTFiRenIagB,sULibTLiIClOitNy of the Proble?NmOJTonFeOsR&SBAaLrEtleOttRLDeaISrnTiRnIgB,

Feasibility refers to whether the study can be done. It includes considerations such as cost of the study, availability of study subjects, time

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download