INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS - KSU
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
MADE EASY
SECOND EDITION
Prof. Dr. Hamid Al-Oklah Dr. Said Titi Mr. Tareq Alodat
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CONTENTs
Introduction
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Statistics
1.1
Statistical Concepts
2
1.2
Variables and Type of Data
5
1.3
Sampling Techniques
12
1.4
Observational and Experimental Studies
17
Chapter 2 Organizing and Graphing Data
2.1
Raw Data
32
2.2
Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data
33
2.3
Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data
47
Chapter 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures
3.1
Measures of Central Tendency
72
3.2
Measures of Variation
89
3.3
Measures of Position
103
3.4
Box-and-Whisker Plot
112
Chapter 4 Basic Concepts in Probability and Counting Rule
4.1
Experiment, Outcome, and Sample Space
122
4.2
Calculating Probability
133
4.3
Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability
146
4.4
Bayes` Rule
160
4.5
Counting Rules
165
4.6
Probability and Counting Rules
172
Chapter 5 Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions
5.1
Random variables
178
5.2
Probability Distribution of Discrete random variable
181
5.3
The Mean and Standard Deviation for Discrete random Variable
186
5.4
Application to the Random Variable
194
References (211) /Appendix A - Statistical Tables (213) /Dictionary (231).
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Introduction
The First Edition
The main objective of this book is to provide students of Preparatory Year Deanship, at King Saud University in Saudi Arabia, a textbook in statistics.
In fact, we found that most of the university statistics books are almost too much pages long, contain more material than can reasonably be covered in one term, and they are not readable for most of our students. In addition, part of the material covered in these books is redundant and unnecessary.
One of the most important features of this book is its readability, even for students who have weak reading statistical concepts. The book is written in a way that induces students to read and understand. The sentences used are short and clear. The concepts are presented in a student-friendly manner using an intuitive approach, and the examples are carefully chosen to reinforce understanding.
Each chapter opens with a list of objectives so that an instructor can tell at a glance what topics are covered in the chapter. In addition, students get an idea about the type of skills they should have acquired after studying the chapter.
In each section, there are a number of examples that have been worked out in a step-by-step detailed manner.
At the end of each section, there is a very carefully chosen set of exercises which cover all skills discussed in the section, and get the students thinking more deeply about the mathematics involved. . The exercises vary in difficulty and purpose. The reader will notice that the sets of exercises are much shorter than the traditional sets of exhaustive "drill and skill" questions, which build skill devoid of understanding. In other hand the first three chapters are supported by statistical package"SPSS" that helps the students to analyze and find the concepts in such chapters.
The topics in this book are organized in five chapters. In Chapter one, we introduce the basic concepts in statistics. Chapter two is devoted for organizing and graphing data set, and Chapter three is about numerical descriptive measure. Chapter four is concerned with basic concepts of probability and counting rule, and Chapter five is about random variables and their probability distributions.
Finally, we would like to thank his Excellency Dr. Nami Al Juhani, Dean of Prepa-
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ratory Year at King Saud University, Dr. Abdulmajeed Al-Jeriwi, Vice Dean for Academic Affairs, Dr. Obaid Al Qahtani Chair of Basic Science Department for their continued support and encouragement. Many thanks go to all other faculty members, who helped us during the writing process; their input made this a much better book. Last, but definitely not least, we would like to thank our families for understanding and patience while writing this book.
Finally, it is pleasure to thanks and regards the co-authors of this book for their non-stopped efforts to reach the point of publishing the book. So, many thanks and respects to Prof. Mohammed Subhi Abu-Saleh, Dr. Sharhabeel Alaidi and Mrs. Dareen Omari for their unlimited useful feedback and for the remarkable touches. We also take this opportunity to express a warm gratitude to Mr. Anas S. Alakhras and Mr. Fadi Hassan for their help in publishing this book.
The Authors
March 10, 2014
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