Chapter 7: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 7: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Section 3: Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
The nitrogenous bases in DNA contain information that directs protein synthesis
Because most enzymes are proteins, proteins control biochemical pathways within the cell
Not only do proteins direct the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides, but they are also responsible for _____________________________________ and _____________________________________
The Nature of the Genetic Code
Proteins are made by stringing amino acids together to form long chains called ___________________________________
Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the _________________
___________________________________________________
DNA and RNA each contain different nitrogenous bases
In order to code for the 20 different amino acids, more than one nucleotide must make up the code word for each amino acid
The code words of the DNA nucleotides are copied onto a strand of ______________________________________
Each combination of three nucleotides on the messenger RNA is called a _____________________
Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is to be placed in the polypeptide chain
There is one codon, __________________, that can either specify the amino acid ________________________________ or serve as a started for the synthesis of a protein
1 __________________________
There are also three _______________________________
These codons act like the period at the end of a sentence
1 Signify the __________________________________________________
Translation
The decoding of mRNA into a protein is known as _________________________
The mRNA does not produce a polypeptide by itself
Instead, there is a mechanism that involves the two other main types of RNA and the ribosome
1 ________________________________________
1 Carries amino acids to the ribosomes
2 ________________________________________
1 Makes up the major part of the ribosomes
The Role of Transfer RNA
In order to translate the information from a single codon of mRNA, such as AUG, we would have to find out which amino acid is coded for by AUG
The codon AUG codes for the amino acid methionine
Methionine is then brought to the polypeptide chain by _________________
There are three exposed bases on each tRNA molecule
These nucleotides will base pair with a codon on mRNA
Because these three nucleotides on tRNA are complementary to the three nucleotides on mRNA, the three tRNA nucleotides are called the ______________________________
Attached to each tRNA molecule is the amino acid specified by the codon to which it base pairs
By matching the tRNA anticodon to the mRNA codon, the correct amino acid is put into place
Each tRNA acts like a tiny beacon for its specific amino acid
The Role of the Ribosome
The process of protein synthesis takes place in the _________________________
Ribosomes are made up of two subunits
1 _________________________
2 _________________
The first part of protein synthesis occurs when the two subunits of the ribosome bind to a molecule of mRNA
The AUG binds to the first anticodon of tRNA, signaling the beginning of a polypeptide
Soon the anticodon of another tRNA binds to the next mRNA codon
This second tRNA carries the second amino acid that will be placed into the chain of the polypeptide
As each anticodon and codon bind together, a ____________________________ forms between the two amino acids
The polypeptide chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a __________________________________ on the mRNA
When the stop codon reaches the ribosome, the ribsome releases the newly formed polypeptide, completing the process of translation
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