1 Properties of Matter



| |Chapter 1 The Science of life | |

|4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain |1-1.1 List 6 unifying themes of biology | |

|homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological |1-1.2 Explain how organisms get the energy they need to survive | |

|feedback loop. |1-1.3 describe the main difference between the structure of a living thing and that of a | |

| |nonliving thing | |

|1. The Chemistry of Life |1-2.1 List 6 characteristics of life | |

|Broad Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that |1-2.2 Describe how a living thing is organized | |

|interact to perform the basic functions of life. |1-2.3 Explain why all living things on earth are not yet well understood | |

|Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of |1-3.1 Define and give examples of observing, measuring, organizing, and analyzing data, | |

|very few elements. The six most common are C, H, N, O, P, S. |inferring and modeling | |

|Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions |1-3.2 Explain the relationship between hypothesizing, predicting, and experimenting | |

|of the four major categories of organic molecules |1-3.3 Explain why good communication is so important in science | |

|(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). |1-3.4 Describe the methods that scientists use in their work. | |

|Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the | | |

|activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, |Chapter 2 Chemistry | |

|such as pH and temperature, which have an effect on enzymes. |2-1.1 Define element, atom, compound, and molecule | |

| |2-1.4 Contrast ionic and covalent bonds | |

|2. Cell Biology |2-2.3 Explain how enzymes affect chemical reactions in organisms | |

|Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions |2-3.4 Describe the use of the pH scale | |

|that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be | | |

|classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. |Chapter 3 Biochemistry | |

|2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear |3-1.1 Describe the structure of the water molecule | |

|envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, |3-1.2 Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances | |

|endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, |3-2.1 Define organic compound and name three elements often found in organic compounds | |

|vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, |3-3.1 Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide and discuss their significance to| |

|cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain the |organisms | |

|role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier | | |

|(diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active |49 Digestive System | |

|transport). |49-1.1 List the four organic nutrients needed by the human body. | |

|2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, prokaryotes |49-1.4 Summarize the functions that the six nutrients perform in the body. | |

|and eukaryotes (general structures and degrees of complexity). | | |

| |Chapter 4 Structure and Function of the Cell | |

|2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number,|4-1.2 State the cell theory | |

|and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six |4-1.5 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes | |

|kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae,|4-2.2 Name the major organelles found in a eukaryotic cell, and describe their function | |

|Animalia). |4-2.4 Describe three structures characteristic of plant cells | |

|2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of |4-3.1 Distinguish between tissues, organs and organ systems | |

|photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain the | | |

|interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration |Chapter 5 Homeostasis and transport | |

|in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. |5-1.2 Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. | |

|2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in |5-2.1 Distinguish between passive transport and active transport | |

|metabolism. |5-2.3 Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis | |

|2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. | | |

|Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells, and |Chapter 6 Photosynthesis | |

|its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual |6-1.2 Describe the role of chlorophylls and other pigments in photosynthesis | |

|reproduction. |6-1.3 Summarize the main events of electron transport | |

|2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the |6-1.5 Explain how ATP is synthesized during the light reactions | |

|formation of haploid cells. Explain the importance of this |6-2.1 Summarize the main events of the Calvin cycle | |

|process in sexual reproduction, and how gametes form diploid |6-2.4 Explain how environmental factors influence photosynthesis | |

|zygotes in the process of fertilization. | | |

|2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in |Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration | |

|terms of genetic material and reproduction. |7-1.1 Define cellular respiration | |

| |7-1.2 Describe the major events in glycolysis | |

|3 Genetics |7-2.1 Summarize the events of the Krebs cycle | |

|3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate|7-2.3 Summarize the events of the electron transport chain | |

|backbone, linked by complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and|7-2.2 Relate aerobic respiration to the structure of the mitochondrion. | |

|describe its function in genetic inheritance. | | |

|3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it |Chapter 8 Cell Division | |

|relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic |8-1.3 Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes. | |

|code. Explain the basic processes of transcription and |8-1.4 Give examples of diploid and haploid cells. | |

|translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. |8-2.1 Describe the structure of a chromosome. | |

|Distinguish among the end products of replication, |8-2.2 Describe each phase of the cell cycle. | |

|transcription, and translation. |8-2.3 Summarize the phases f mitosis. | |

|3.3 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or |8-3.1 List and describe the phases of meiosis. | |

|may not result in phenotypic change in an organism. Explain how|8-3.2 Compare the end products of mitosis with those of meiosis. | |

|mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in |8-3.3 Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals. | |

|offspring. |8-3.4 Summarize the major characteristics of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. | |

|3.4 Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by | | |

|several types of genetic traits (dominant, recessive, | | |

|incomplete dominance, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and |Chapter 9 Genetics | |

|multiple alleles). |9-1.2 Distinguish between dominant and recessive traits. | |

|3.5 Describe how Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent |9-1.3 State two laws of heredity that were developed from Mendel’s work. | |

|assortment can be observed through patterns of inheritance |9-2.2 Use a Punnett square to predict the results of monohybrid and dihybrid genetic crosses. | |

|(such as dihybrid crosses). |9-2.4 Differentiate a monohybrid cross from a dihybrid cross. | |

|3.6 Use a Punnett Square to determine the probabilities for | | |

|genotype and phenotype combinations in monohybrid crosses. |Chapter 10 DNA: Replication, Transcription, Translation | |

| |10-1.1 Explain the principal function of DNA. | |

| |10-1.2 Describe the structure of DNA. | |

|5 Evolution and Biodiversity |10-1.3 Define the term Complementary base pairing. | |

|5.1 Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the |10-1.4 Summarize the main features of DNA replication. | |

|fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular |10-2.1 Explain the primary functions of RNA. | |

|biology, and examples of natural selection. |10-2.2 Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. | |

|5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of |10-2.3 Describe the structure and function of each type of RNA. | |

|organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a|10-2.4 Summarize the process of transcription. | |

|hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, |10-3.4 Summarize the process of translation. | |

|family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and| | |

|molecular similarities. Describe the role that geographic |Chapter 11 Gene Expression | |

|isolation can play in speciation. |11-1.1 Define the term gene expression. | |

|5.3 Explain how evolution through natural selection |11-2.4 List the key characteristics of cancer cells. | |

|can result in changes in biodiversity through the | | |

|increase or decrease of genetic diversity from a |Chapter 12 Human Genetics | |

|population. |12-1.1 Explain the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination. | |

| |12-1.2 Describe how sex linkage affects the inheritance of traits. | |

| |12-2.1 Show how pedigree analysis can be used to illustrate the inheritance of traits. | |

| |12-2.2 Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups. | |

| | | |

| |Chapter 14 Origin of Life | |

| |14-1.1 Define spontaneous generation and list some of the observations that led people to think| |

| |that life could arise from nonliving things. | |

| |14-3.5 Define endosymbiosis, and explain why it is important in the history of eukaryotes. | |

| | | |

| |Chapter 15 Evolution: Evidence and Theory | |

| |15-1.1 Define fossil, and tell how the examination of fossils led to the development of | |

| |evolutionary theories. | |

| |15-2.1 Define evolution. | |

| |15-2.4 Explain Darwin’s two major theories. | |

|2. Cell Biology |15-3.1 Describe the difference between homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures. | |

|2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number,| | |

|and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six |Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations and Speciation | |

|kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae,|16-3.1 Explain the difference between the morphological concept of species and the biological | |

|Animalia). |species concept. | |

|2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic|16-3.2 define geographic isolation and explain how it can lead to speciation | |

|material and reproduction. | | |

| |Chapter 17 Human Evolution | |

|6 Ecology |17-1.2 List some traits shared by all primates. | |

|6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and |17-1.4 Give examples of traits unique to humans. | |

|emigration influence population size. |17-2.1 Explain how the discovery of Lucy changed hypotheses about the evolution of bipedalism. | |

|6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity |17-3.1 Name two behavioral advances made by Homo species. | |

|(speciation and extinction) that result from the following: | | |

|natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the | | |

|introduction of invasive, non-native species. | | |

|6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, | | |

|consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy | | |

|through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among | | |

|organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, | | |

|and mutualism) add to the complexity of biological communities.| | |

|6.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle | | |

|between abiotic resources and organic matter in | | |

|an ecosystem and how oxygen cycles through |Chapter 18 Classification | |

|photosynthesis and respiration. |18-1.3 List Linnaeus’s levels of classification from the most general to the most specific. | |

| |18-1.4 Name the primary criterion that modern taxonomists consider when they classify an | |

| |organism. | |

| |18-2.1 Define phylogenetic tree, and explain what information a phylogenetic tree shows. | |

| |18-2.2 List four types of evidence used to organize organisms in systematic taxonomy. | |

| |18-2.4 Explain cladistics taxonomy, and identify one conclusion that is in conflict with | |

| |classical, systematic taxonomy. | |

| |18-3.1 Describe the six-kingdom system of classification. | |

| |18-3.5 Explain the principal difference between the six-kingdom system and the three-domain | |

| |system of classification. | |

| | | |

| |24 Bacteria | |

| |24-1.1 Define bacteria, eubacteria, and archaebacteria, and note the relationships between | |

| |them. | |

| |24-1.2 Describe the methods used to classify bacteria. | |

| |24-1.3 Name and describe three known types of archaebacteria. | |

| |24-2.1 Describe the structure of a bacterial cell. | |

| |24-2.2 Describe three ways that bacteria move. | |

| |24-2.3 Compare the heterotrophic modes of nutrition in bacteria with the autotrophic modes. | |

| | | |

| |25 Viruses | |

| |25-1.1 Describe the structure and classification of viruses. | |

| |25-1.4 List the characteristics used to group viruses. | |

| |25-2.1 Describe a bacteriophage. | |

| |25-2.2 Summarize the five phases of the lytic cycle. | |

| |25-2.3 Compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication. | |

| | | |

|4 Anatomy and Physiology |19 Introduction to Ecology | |

|4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx,|19-1.1 Define the term ecology, and explain why ecology is important. | |

|esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) |19-1.2 List and describe three human caused environmental problems. | |

|converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that |19-1.3 Identify the five different levels of organization in ecology. | |

|can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth. |19-1.4 Explain the theme of interconnectedness. | |

|4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins,|19-1.5 Identify the importance of models to ecology. | |

|capillaries, red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen |19-2.1Contrast abiotic factors with biotic factors, and list two examples of each. | |

|to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and | | |

|the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as|20 Populations | |

|they perform the excretory function of removing waste from the |20-0.0 Explain how birth, death, immigration and emigration influence population size | |

|blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and |20-1.1 Explain the differences between population size, density, and dispersion. | |

|the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood. | | |

|4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, |21 Community Ecology | |

|trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and carbon|21-1.1 Distinguish predation from parasitism. | |

|dioxide. |21-1.4 Explain how competition can affect community structure. | |

|4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory|21-1.5 Contrast mutualism with commensalism, and give one example of each type of relationship.| |

|neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication between | | |

|different parts of the body and the body’s interactions with |22 Ecosystems and the Biosphere | |

|the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system,|22-1.1 Contrast producers with consumers. | |

|the neuron, and explain generally how it works. |22-1.2 Explain the important role of decomposers in an ecosystem. | |

|4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth |22-1.3 Contrast a food web with a food chain. | |

|and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works|22-1.4 Explain why ecosystems usually contain only a few trophic levels. | |

|with other systems to support and allow for movement. Recognize|22-2.2 Trace the steps of the water cycle. | |

|that bones produce both red and white blood cells. |22-2.3 Summarize the major steps in the nitrogen cycle. | |

|4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows |22-2.4 Describe the steps of the carbon cycle. | |

|organisms to produce offspring that receive half of their | | |

|genetic information from their mother and half from their | | |

|father and that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are | | |

|not identical to, either of their parents. | | |

|4.7 Recognize that communication between cells is required for | | |

|coordination of body functions. The nerves communicate with | | |

|electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, | | |

|and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby | | |

|cells. | | |

|4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to | | |

|maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function |46 Skeletal Muscular System | |

|of a physiological feedback loop. |46-1.1 List and describe the four types of tissues that make up the human body. | |

| |46-1.2 Explain how tissues, organs, and organ systems are organized. | |

| |46-2.2 Explain the function and structure of bones. | |

| |46-2.4 List three types of joints, and give an example of each. | |

| |46-3.1 Distinguish between the three types of muscle tissues. | |

| |46-3.2 Describe the structure of skeletal muscle fibers. | |

| |46-3.3 Explain how skeletal muscles contract. | |

| |46-3.4 Explain how muscles move bones. | |

| | | |

| |47 Circulatory System & Respiratory System | |

| |47-1.1 Describe the structure and function of the human heart. | |

| |47-1.2 Trace the flow of blood through the heart and body. | |

| |47-1.3 Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries in terms of their structure and | |

| |function. | |

| |47-1.4 Distinguish between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. | |

| |47-1.5 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system. | |

| |47-2.1 List the components of blood. | |

| |47-2.2 Distinguish between red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in terms of their | |

| |structure and function. | |

| |47-3.1 Trace the passage of air from the environment to the bloodstream. | |

| |47-3.2 Describe how gases are exchanged in the lungs. | |

| |47-3.3 Contrast the ways that oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the bloodstream. | |

| | | |

| |49 Digestive System | |

| |49-2.1 List the major organs of the digestive system. | |

| |49-2.2 Distinguish between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. | |

| |49-2.3 Relate the structure of each digestive organ to its function in mechanical digestion. | |

| |49-2.4 Identify the source of each major digestive enzyme, and describe the function of the | |

| |enzyme. | |

| |49-2.5 Summarize the process of absorption in both the small and large intestine. | |

| |49-3.1 Define the term excretion, and list the functions of each of the major excretory organs.| |

| |49-3.2 Identify the major parts of the kidney. | |

| |49-3.3 Relate the structure of a nephron to its function. | |

| |49-3.4 Explain how the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion help | |

| |maintain homeostasis. | |

| | | |

| |50 Nervous System | |

| |50-1.1 Identify the two main organs of the central nervous system. | |

| |50-1.4 Describe the structure of the spinal cord. | |

| |50-1.5 Distinguish between sensory receptors, motor neurons, and interneurons. | |

| |50-2.1 Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system and describe their function. | |

| |50-2.2 Distinguish between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. | |

| |50-2.3 Distinguish between the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. | |

| |50-3.1 Describe the structure of a neuron. | |

| | | |

| |51 Endocrine System | |

| |51-3.0 Describe how hormones work with the feedback system to maintain homeostasis | |

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