Chapter 29 Our Solar System-Planet Overview



Chapter 29 Our Solar System-Planet Overview

Objectives

1. Describe early models of our solar system. This means I can:

a. Explain the geocentric model of the solar system and how retrograde motion brought change to that model.

b. Describe the contributions and changes to solar system arrangement due to the following scientists: Nicolaus Copernicus, Kepler, Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe, Galileo.

2. Examine the modern heliocentric model of our solar system. This means I can:

a. Explain Kepler’s 1st Lae and its relationship to the following terms astronomical unit, perihelion, aphelion, focus, major axis, semi-major axis, the Sun, and eccentricity.

b. Determine the relative shape (elongated oval, oval, circle) of an orbit when given its eccentricity value.

c. Explain Kepler’s 2nd and 3rd Laws.

3. Relate gravity to the motions of celestial bodies. This means I can: Describe how mass, center of mass, and distance between 2 objects affects their gravitational pull on each other.

4. Compare and contrast the properties of the terrestrial planets. This means I can:

a. Name the terrestrial planets in order, beginning with the one closest to the sun.

b. Identify the planet that has a given unique characteristic such as: highest amount of atmospheric CO2, highest amount iron on surface, largest temperature range, red color, greenhouse effect, number of moons, largest canyon, largest mountain, cratered like the Earth’s moon, surface features suggesting liquid water was once present, thick vs. thin atmosphere, etc. (See planet summaries written after each planet project presentation.)

5. Compare Earth with the other terrestrial planets. This means I can:

a. Identify the planet most like the Earth in mass, diameter and density.

b. Define precession, explain its cause, and describe how it affects the “north star”.

6. Describe the properties of the gas giant (Jovian) planets. This means I can:

a. Name the gas giant (Jovian) planets in order, beginning with the one closest to the sun.

b. Compare and contrast belts and zones, and identify which planets have them.

c. Identify the planet that has a given unique characteristic such as: rapid rotation, brightest rings, large storm, largest planet, blue color & what causes the color, flattened, etc. (See planet summaries written after each planet project presentation.)

7. Compare & contrast terrestrial vs. gas giant (Jovian) planets according to the properties listed in Objectives #4 & 6 above. In addition, I can:

a. Label a diagram, identifying the location of the 8 planets, Pluto and the asteroid belt.

b. List the planets that have retrograde rotation.

c. Discuss defining general characteristics of each category such as: relative size of planets, 2 main elements present in each category, density, type of surface, relative number of moons, presence of rings, belts, zones…

8. Identify the unique nature of the planet Pluto. This means I can:

a. Explain why Pluto is no longer classified as a major planet.

9. Summarize the properties of the solar system that support the theory of the solar system’s formation. Describe how the planets formed from a disk surrounding the young Sun. I can:

a. Define & describe how the following terms are involved in the theory of the solar system’s formation: interstellar cloud, solar nebula, planetesimal, equatorial plane.

b. Explain how the theory is supported by the types of elements and density differences of the inner terrestrial vs. outer gas giants.

c. Using distance from the sun and resulting temperature differences throughout the solar system, explain why lightweight gases such as hydrogen and helium are rare in the terrestrial planets but common in the gas giants.

10. Explore remnants of solar system formation. This means I can:

a. Define asteroid. Identify the location of the asteroid belt on a solar system diagram.

b. Differentiate between meteor shower, meteoroid, meteor, and meteorite.

c. Label, define and describe the composition of the parts of a comet including: coma, nucleus, tail, head. Describe how, when, and why the tails are formed, and which direction they point.

d. Discuss the location of the two main clusters of comets, including how far they are from the sun in astronomical units.

| |Planet |Mnemonic |

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|Between | | |

|4 & 5 | | |

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|9. | | |

| |(Is it a planet? Major or | |

| |minor?) | |

Overview of solar system:

1. All planets orbit Sun is same direction - ________________

2. All orbits except _____________ lie near the same plane

3. Planets move faster at perihelion than aphelion due to Sun’s _______________

4. Planets closer to Sun move ____________

Terrestrial Planets:

➢ The 4 inner planets, closest to the Sun

➢ Solid rocky surfaces

➢ Close to size of Earth

➢ Sometimes called the __________ __________ planets due to iron & nickel cores

Mercury (1st))

1. No moon

2. Rotates 1½ times in 1 orbit, therefore only 3 days occur every 2 years

3. Little atmosphere

4. Surface similar to moon: craters, ______________ (like maria) & scarps

a. Scarps = planet wide system of ________________

b. Hardened _______________ plains suggest planet was once volcanic

5. Most extreme (largest difference) day vs. night temperature in solar system

a. Daytime temp:_________

b. Nighttime temp: _________

6. Thick core of ___________ & __________

Venus (2nd)

1. Nicknames:

a. Earth’s sister planet-Why?

b. Morning or evening star- Why?

2. Highest _____________ of any planet, 75%

3. No moon

4. Slow rotation: 1 Venus day = ______ Earth days

5. Hottest planet due to __________________

a. Results in a ____________ _________

b. Main gases: 96% ____________ & 3% ________________

i. Also contributes to the ________________ __________

c. Average surface temp is 464oC

6. Unique clouds made of ___________________

7. High atmospheric pressure

8. ____________ spin – opposite of most planets

A. This backward spin is called ____________ __________

B. If on Venus, Sun would rise in the ___________ and set in the _____________

9. Surface: Smooth due to _____________ ___________ flows

a. Very few impact craters

10. Interior: Probably similar to Earth’s: ___________ __________ _________

Earth (3rd Rock from the Sun!!)

1. 1 moon

2. Unique-Water in 3 phases: _________, _________, & _______

a. Essential for life

3. Atmosphere:

a. Dense

b. Atmospheric gases ________________ & _______________

c. Mild greenhouse effect – keeps temp needed for life

4. Tilted axis combined with revolution creates _______________

a. Wobble on its axis like a top is called ___________________

i. Due to Moon & Sun’s gravitational pulls

ii. See Fig 29-11 p783

Mars (4th)

1. Nickname: The Red Planet

a. Caused by high ________ content in soil

2. 2 moons-Phobos & Deimos

3. Atmosphere

a. Thin, so little greenhouse effect

b. Turbulent, constant winds

c. ___________ storms may last for weeks

4. Surface

a. Northern hemisphere:

i. Mostly ________________

ii. Largest _____________ in solar system named ____________ _____

b. Southern hemisphere: ________________________

c. Other features:

i. Dried river beds – suggest ___________ water once

ii. Polar ice caps shrink & grow w/seasons caused by ____________ & ___________

▪ Both caps made of “dry ice” or frozen _____

▪ May have frozen water underneath

5. Interior: Solid core of __________, ___________, & ____________

Asteroid belt

1. Left over planetary debris from solar system formation, that never formed planets

2. Located between Mars & Jupiter

3. Separates terrestrial planets and gas giants

Gas Giants or Jovian Planets

1. Interiors are either gaseous or liquid, resulting in low density

2. Lack solid surfaces

3. Composed mainly of lightweight elements such as _____________, _____________,

__________, ____________, and ___________

4. Cold at surface

5. Many satellites

6. Ring systems

7. Large in size and mass compared to Earth

8. Most gas giant planets have ____________ similar to those on Earth, but due to the _________ _________ of the planet, the clouds get stretched out into ____________ .

9. Clouds of the gas giants are made of __________, __________, _____________, and ______________, rather than water vapor.

Jupiter (5th)

1. Largest planet

2. Its mass contains 70% of mass in the solar system

3. Fastest rotation (_____________ ___________) in solar system, ________ hours

a. Spins so fast that the planet _________ at equator & is not perfectly _________

b. 7% wider around equator than the poles

4. 4 Galilean moons: ______, ________________, _________________, & __________________

a. Io-constant volcanoes

b. Europa-subsurface water ocean

c. Plus several smaller ones

5. Atmosphere

a. Mainly ________________ & ______________

b. Bands of clouds

1. Belts- low, warm, dark clouds

2. Zones-high, cool light colored clouds

c. Giant Red Spot

6. Has rings

7. Layers

a. Outer-liquid hydrogen

b. Inner layer of metallic hydrogen

c. Core-heavier elements

Saturn (6th)

1. 2nd largest planet

2. Similar to Jupiter-rotates rapidly & has belts & zones

3. Atmosphere

a. Mainly _____________ & ______________

b. Also has _________ & __________

4. _____ major rings

a. Made of rocks & ice

b. Hypothesis that rings formed from debris after a ______________________________

5. 1 major moon called ____________ plus at least ____________ more moons

a. Titan-atmosphere made of __________________ & ______________

Uranus (7th)

1. At least _______ moons & _______ rings

2. Tilted on axis, so that poles lie in orbital plane

3. Cold, average temp is __________ degrees Celsius

4. Like Venus, has ______________ motion (____________spin )

5. Atmosphere

a. Mainly ______________ & ______________

b. But, appears ____________ due to __________ gas which reflects blue light

6. Dark rings

Neptune (Usually 8th, but sometimes 9th if Pluto is still considered a planet)

1. Presence predicted prior to discovery because of a ___________ in Uranus _______________

2. 8 moons

▪ Most famous is _____________ which has thin atmosphere & ___________ geysers

3. Atmosphere

▪ Like Uranus, appears ____________ due to ______________

▪ Like Jupiter & Saturn, has ________________ & _________________

▪ Like Jupiter, HAD a large storm called the ___________ ___________ __________

4. ______ rings made of microscopic _________ particles

Pluto (Used to be the 9th major planet, but it was sometimes the 8th)

1. Different from other 8 planets

2. Surface: rock & ice

3. Atmosphere __________ & _____________

4. Like Venus & Uranus has ____________________ _____________ (________________spin )

5. Scientists have long questioned if it is really a planet:

a. Very small

b. Very eccentric orbit, causing Pluto to be closer to Sun at __________ than Neptune

i. 50 AU from Sun at ____________ & 30 AU at ______________

ii. For comparison, 1 AU = ____________________________________

iii. Therefore, Pluto is between ____ to _____ times farther from the Sun, than the Earth

c. Large moon Charon-are they really a double planet?

d. Was Pluto originally a ______________ of _______________

e. Or is it a ____________ or ______________ planet instead of a major planet?

6. Member the Kuiper Belt:

a. Group of objects that orbit in a ___________________zone beyond Neptune’s orbit

b. Icy objects with diameters of at least 1,000 km

c. May be source of comets

d. Is Pluto a comet?

Intelligent Life:

1. Mars

2. Europa – icy surface, but could contain watery slush underneath

3. Titan - evidence of methane lakes

4. Io – volcanic activity might sustain life, but there is an absence of water

Section 29.4 Formation of Solar System

Collapsing Interstellar Cloud Theory - Solar System Formation

1. A cloud of ____________________ that stars & planets are formed from

2. Consists mainly of _________________ & _________________gas

3. Condenses due to ________________ & concentrates to form stars or planets

4. As it condenses, the cloud _____________, becomes __________ like a disk, and ______________

5. Solar nebula: Large cloud that collapsed & formed the _______________________

a. Center _______________, ____________at edges of disk

b. Temp difference caused different gases to condense in different areas

i. _________________ became __________ close to Sun, before spreading out

ii. Lighter elements (____________________) remained gas until further away from Sun

c. Therefore, planets are made of dif elements

6. Planetesimals: space objects built by ________________________ solid particles

a. Condensing particles become ______________ & __________________

7. Planets- planetesimals collide & become planets

a. _______________ was 1st to form in outer solar system

i. As size increased, gravity _________________

ii. Then more gas, dust pulled in & growth continued

b. Rest of gas giants form

i. Not as large because _________________ had taken much of the material

c. Satellites (_____________) form along equatorial planes

d. Inner planets: __________________metals so they are ___________ & _____________

i. Sun’s _________pulled much of the material, so closet planets have ________ moons

8. Debris- (leftover material)

a. Most crashed into planets or ejected out of solar system

b. Planetesimals left between Jupiter & Mars = ___________________

i. ___________________________ prevented them from merging into a planet

9. Asteroids-_______________ rocky bodies from solar system formation that __________ the Sun

a. Meteoroid- piece of asteroid (interplanetary material) that __________________ atmosphere

i. Produces a meteor- a streak of _____________ as it ________ up in the atmosphere

ii. Meteorite- piece that _________________ completely & _______ the ground, leaves a crater until it erodes

10. Comets- Small bodies made of _______ & ________ that have ___________ orbits around the Sun

a. Most found in 1 of 2 clusters:

i. _______________________-close to Pluto (30-50 AU) from Sun

ii. Oort cloud- >100,000 AU from Sun

b. Comet Structure (Parts of a comet):

i. Icy nucleus = small, _________________

▪ When heated, releases gas & dust to form the other 2 parts

ii. Coma – __________________ surrounding nucleus

iii. Tail-always points ______________ from the Sun due to solar ____________

iv. Head = nucleus & coma ________________________

c. Meteor shower - occurs when Earth passes through remains of a __________________

Section 29.1 Early Astronomers

Research & Ideas

1. Ancient astronomers could recognize the difference between stars & planets

a. Planets move relative to star positions

2. Geocentric Model- 1st model of solar system

a. Believed the Sun, planets & stars _____________ a stationary _____________

b. Problems- didn’t explain why some planets appeared to move _____________ (___________ motion)

i. Most move planets appear to move from _______________________

ii. But sometimes they appear to move ________________________

3. Heliocentric Model- _____________-centered

a. Suggested by Copernicus in 1543

b. Explained retrograde motion

i. Inner planets move ______________, so outer planets appear to move ___________

4. Galileo’s discoveries also support heliocentric

a. 4 moons orbit _______________, not the Earth

5. Kepler’s 1st Law: Planets orbit the Sun in an ellipse, NOT a circle

a. Ellipse = oval: centered on ____________ points (foci), not 1 like a circle

i. ____________ is always one focus for all planets

[pic]

b. Eccentricity- HOW oval-shaped. Based on the ______________ between the 2 _________

i. Has a value between 0 to 1

▪ 0 = perfect ____________ (Distance between the 2 foci is ______)

▪ 1 = very ___________________

ii. Planet is NOT at a constant distance from the Sun

iii. Perihelion- ______________ point to the Sun

iv. Aphelion- ______________ point

c. Major axis: runs ______________ through both foci

i. Is the ______________ diameter

d. Semimajor axis: ______________ of major axis

i. Is the planet’s _________________distance to Sun

e. 1 AU (astronomical unit) = the average distance between ________________

6. Kepler’s 2nd Law: Planet sweeps out equal amounts of __________ in equal amounts of ________

a. See Fig 29-4 p 778

7. Kepler’s 3rd Law: Math equation to determine the size of a planet’s orbit & the time it takes to orbit

8. Gravity & Orbits

a. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

i. Any 2 bodies _____________ each other

ii. Amount of gravity depends on their ______________ & their ____________ apart

iii. Orbit is around the “______________of mass” of the 2 bodies (Sun & planet)

1. Sun is ________ the center of the orbit but is 1 of the 2 ________

iv. Fig 29-5 p779

ES Ch 29 Our Solar System – Review for Test

1. To study-notes, worksheets, book (vocab, questions, diagrams),

2. Computer Review: Then: Chapter Resources, Unit 8, Chapter 29

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