ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE – THE AXIAL …



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE – THE AXIAL SKELETON

1. List the 3 major portions of the axial skeleton. SKULL, BONY THORAX & VERTEBRAL COLUMN

2. Name the two sets of bones that make up the skull. FACIAL & CRANIAL

3. Tell what each of the two sets of bones in the skull accomplishes. CRANIAL protective brain case. FACIAL houses sinuses and makes up the facial structure.

4. What are sutures?SEAMS IN SKULL THAT JOIN THE VARIOUS SKULL PLATES (CORONAL-FRONTAL & PARIETAL). THESE ARE ALSO WHERE ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR FONTANELLES WERE DURING INFANCY

5. Which is the only moveable joint in the skull? TMJ (TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT)-MANDIBLE/JAWBONE

6. How many bones are in the cranium? 8 BONES (29 TOTAL IN THE SKULL) How many are paired? THE SKULL PLATES-PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL, MAXILLAE, MANDIBLE, PALATINE ARE PAIRED How many are single? REMAINING BONES ARE SINGLE

7. Tell the significance of each of the following: external auditory meatus,ENTRYWAY TO EAR CANAL styloid process, MANY NECK MUSCLE ATTACH HERE zygomatic process PROVIDES CHEEKBONE STRUCTURE, mastoid process UTILIZED FOR CHEWING, jugular foramen HOLE WHERE JUGULAR VESSELS PASS THROUGH TO BRAIN.

8. Why is an infection in the mastoid sinuses dangerous? MASTOIDITIS IS VERY CLOSE TO THE BRAIN AND IT IS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DISLODGE AN INFECTION LIKE ONE WOULD THROUGH PARANASAL SINUSES.

9. What is the function of the foramen magnum? PROVIDES ENTRYWAY FOR VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINAL CORD)

10. What is the function of the sella turicica or “Turk’s saddle”?HOUSES PITUITARY GLAND

11. What is the function of the foramen ovale? TRIGEMINAL (3RD BRANCH (MANDIBULAR)CRANIAL NERVE EXITS THIS HOLE. SOME HEARING (OTIC PROCESSING MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THIS STRUCTURE)

12. How do nerve fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory receptors get through the skull and to the brain? OLFACTORY BULBS ON THE ROOF OF THE SKULL ALLOW FOR SCENT MOLECULES TO BE PERCEIVED.

13. How many bones compose the face? 28(14 facial region)

14. Which ones of these are single bones? MANDIBLE

15. What is the common name for the maxillae? UPPER JAW

16. Name the two functions of the paranasal sinuses. SOUND RESONANCE & SPEECH

17. What causes sinusitis? INFLAMMATION OF THE SINUS PASSAGES

18. What abnormality results if the palatine bones fail to fuse during development? CLEFT PALATE

19. What is the common name of the zygomatic bones? CHEEKBONES

20. What bone forms the bridge of your nose? NASAL

21. Of what material is the tip of your nose composed? CARTILAGE

22. What bone forms the septum in your nose? VOMER

23. What it the common name of the mandible? JAWBONE

24. What makes the hyoid bone unique? THE ONLY BONE NOT DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE SKELETON

25. What is the function of the hyoid bone? ANCHORS THE TONGUE

26. List three ways that an infant’s skull is different from that of an adult. FONTANELLES, SHAPE , PROPORTIONATE HEIGHT TO BODY.

27. What are fontanels? FIBROUS MEMBRANES BETWEEN SKULL What is their common name? SOFT SPOTS

28. What are the two purposes of the baby’s skull have fontanels? TO ALLOW FOR EXPANSION OF BRAIN

29. What happens to the fontanels as the baby grows? THEY OSSIFY AND FORM SUTURES

30. Name three functions of the vertebral column. SUPPORT, MOBILITY AND NERVE TRANSMISSION

31. How many bones are in the vertebral column? 31

32. Which type of bones are these? IRREGULAR

33. How many bones are in the spine before birth? 33

34. What happens to the extra nine bones that are not separate bones after birth? They fuse into the sacrum and coccyx

35. Name the two composite bones formed by the fusing of these 9 bones. Sacral 5 coccyx 4

36. How many bones are in each of the following sections of the spine? Cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5

37. What separates the vertebrae? What type of tissue are these made of? Vertebral disks/ hyaline cartilage

38. What is the purpose of these discs? Shock Absorption & protection

39. What happens to the water content of these discs with age? It decreases over time.

40. What is a herniated disc? What causes this condition? A slipped disc.

41. Which curvatures of the spine are primary curvatures? Why are they named this?

42. Which curvature appears when a baby can raise its head? Cervical

43. Which curvature appears when a baby begins to walk? Lumbar

44. Define each of these conditions: scoliosis, a lateral curvature abnormal to the typical vertebral column, kyphosis a cervical curvature associated with “hunch back”, lordosis an extreme lumbar curvature where the pelvis tilts more anteriorly often seen in pregnant and obese.

45. Give the names of the C1 and C2 vertebrae. Atlas and axis

46. Which joint allows you to nod “yes”. Which allows you to move your head side to side to indicate “no”? Dens & odontoid process.

47. What is the significance of the thoracic vertebrae? Attaches to ribs and provides bony thorax support

48. Describe the shape of lumbar vertebrae. Large and block like How is their shape related to their function? Support the weight of the skeleton

49. Which fused bone forms the posterior wall of the pelvis? Sacrum

50. Which fused bone is the remnant of the human “tailbone”? Coccyx

51. Which vertebrae contain foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain? Cervical

52. Which type of vertebra(e) have transverse processes that have facets for articulation with the ribs? Thoracic

53. Which bone is a composite bone that articulates with the hip bone laterally? Pelvic Bone

54. Which bones make up the bony thorax? Flat bones ( ribs)& sternum

55. Where are sample of blood-forming tissues taken for the diagnosis of suspected blood diseases? Bone marrow (Used to screen for WBC White blood cell count- a measure of the immune system response).

56. How many ribs does EVERYONE have? 12 pairs

57. To what structure are all ribs attached? Sternum

58. Which ribs are

7 true ribs

5false ribs?

2 floating ribs (Included in the False Rib Count)-12 ribs total Floating ribs don’t wrap around to meet the sternum.

59. What is the space between ribs called? With what are these spaces filled? Hyaline Cartilage (Intercostal Spaces)

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