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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 14 – Study Guide

European Exploration and Conquest (ce 1450-1650)

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“I have come to win gold, not to plow the fields like a peasant.” – Hernando Cortes

CHAPTER SUMMARY

Before 1450 Europeans were relatively marginal players in a centuries-old trading system that linked Africa, Asia, and Europe. Elites everywhere prized Chinese porcelains and silks, while wealthy members of the Celestial Kingdom, as China called itself, wanted ivory and black slaves from Africa, and exotic goods and peacocks from India. African people wanted textiles from India and cowrie shells from the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. Europeans craved Asian silks and spices but they had few desirable goods to offer their trading partners. The European search for better access to Asian trade led to a new overseas empire in the Indian Ocean and the accidental discovery of the Western Hemisphere. Within a few decades European colonies in South and North America would join this worldwide web. Europeans came to dominate trading networks and political empires of truly global proportions. The era of globalization had begun.

The Portuguese were the first to push out into the Atlantic, but it was Spain, following close behind, that built a New World empire that provided the economic basis for a period of Spanish supremacy in European affairs. In the short run, Spanish gold and silver from the New World made the Spanish Netherlands the financial and manufacturing center of Europe, and Spain became Europe’s greatest military power. In the long run, however, overseas expansion ruined the Spanish economy, created massive European inflation, and brought the end of Spain’s empire in Europe.

Global contacts created new forms of cultural exchange, assimilation, conversion, and resistance. Europeans struggled to comprehend the peoples and societies they found and sought to impose European cultural values on them. New forms of racial prejudice emerged, but so did new openness and curiosity about different ways of life. Together with the developments of the Renaissance and the Reformation, the Age of Discovery – as the period of European exploration and conquest from 1450 to 1650 is known – laid the foundations for the modern world.

WORLD CONTACTS BEFORE COLUMBUS (14.1)

Before you read:

1. Prior to Columbus, the Afro-Eurasian world of trade was mainly dominated by the Chinese.

True or False

2. Venice and Genoa became major centers for the exchange of goods from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East which facilitated their rise to power during this history. True or False

While you read:

1. Why is the Indian Ocean the “center of the Afroeurasian trade world?” Explain citing specific examples.

     

2. How does China take the lead in exploration in the first half of the 15th century and why does it later abandon maritime expeditions?

     

3. What role does India play in exploration history? Explain citing specific examples.

     

4. Which African empires/states became prosperous during this trading history and what goods were they known for?

     

After you read:

|1. |What role did Persian merchants play in global trade during the fifteenth century? |

| |They were mostly active in Africa. |

| |They participated in overland but not oceangoing trade. |

| |They traded over great distances |

| |They limited their trade to other Islamic states. |

|2. |During the late Middle Ages, what place did Europeans occupy in the global trading system? |

| |A minor outpost |

| |A producer of desirable manufactured goods |

| |Important middlemen |

| |The controllers of major intercontinental trade networks |

|3. |What appeal did spices have for Europeans by the fifteenth century?  |

| |Europeans used spices as trade goods to obtain slaves and gold in Africa. |

| |Europeans had found many uses for spices. |

| |Europeans used spices primarily as medicines. |

| |Europeans used spices primarily for religious purposes. |

THE EUROPEAN VOYAAGES OF DISCOVERY (14.2)

Before you read:

1. Examine Map 14.2 on page 436. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese holdings in the 16th century – in what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different?

     

2. Several technological advancements facilitated European expansion during this history.

True or False

While you read:

1. What causes for European expansions are cited by the author?

     

2. What was life like for sailors at sea and why did people choose this life? What was life like for the families who stayed behind?

     

3. How does Ptolemy’s Geography, written in the second century, synthesize and improve the work of cartographers and ultimately explorers?

     

4. Why is Portugal considered the leader in European expansion and what are their stated exploration policies?

     

5. Why is Columbus considered a controversial figure in this history and what is the stated objective of his first voyage?

     

6. Who are some of the significant later explorers and what specifically is their contribution to this history?

     

7. How does Hernando Cortes conquer the Mexica Empire and why does Montezuma hesitate to engage?

     

8. How does Francisco Pizarro manage to conquer the Incan Empire?

     

After you read:

|1. |What was the relationship between technological changes in ships and fifteenth-century European exploration? |

| |Developments in shipbuilding learned from the Ottomans allowed Venetians to build caravels. |

| |The development of caravels in England allowed more long-distance trade. |

| |Portuguese shipbuilders developed caravels to make long-distance trade more profitable. |

| |Caravels that had been developed for local trade in Spain turned out to be useful for long-distance trade. |

THE IMPACT OF CONQUEST (14.3)

Before you read:

1. Viceroys exercised broad military and civil authority within each conquered territory as the direct representatives of the Spanish monarch. True or False

2. The controversial encomienda system granted conquerors the ability to employ groups of Native Americans as laborers. True or False

While you read:

1. What types of authority did monarchs impose over conquered lands? How did this system work?

     

2. How were indigenous peoples treated by the conquerors? Cite specific examples.

     

3. What role(s) did women play in the New World? Cite specific examples.

     

4. What was the Columbian exchange in the New World?

     

After you read:

|1. |What statement described the lives of indigenous peoples in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus? |

| |Most native peoples were hunter-gatherers organized into tribes. |

| |Most native peoples lived in large, multiethnic imperial confederations. |

| |Most native peoples were scattered in small settlements across the Americas. |

| |There were thousands of widely varying groups, totaling some fifty million native people. |

|2. |In what ways were native women essential to the development of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European colonies in the |

| |Americas? |

| |Native women were more likely than native men to accept the presence of Europeans. |

| |Native women were more likely than native men to provide labor for the colonies. |

| |Native women were frequently relied upon to serve as translators and guides for explorers. |

| |Native women were typically the leaders of native rebellions and insurrections. |

|3. |What distinguished the relationship to animals of nearly all Native Americans from that of Europeans? |

| |Most Native Americans did not use domestic animals as food or beasts of burden. |

| |Most Native Americans respected animals more than Europeans did. |

| |Most Native Americans considered animals to be gods. |

| |Most Native Americans used domestic animals exclusively as sources of food. |

EUROPE AND THE WORLD AFTER COLUMBUS (14.4)

Before you read:

1. Throughout the Middle Ages slavery was deeply entrenched in the Mediterranean and had always been based on race. True or False

2. Sugar is the crop which gave New World slavery its distinctive shape. True or False

Individuals in Society – Juan de Pareja (page 453)

1. Since slavery was an established institution in Spain, speculate on Velazquez’s possible reasons for giving Pareja his freedom.

     

2. In what ways does Pareja represent Europe’s increasing participation in global commerce and exploration?

     

While you read:

1. What are the origins of sugar and why was it particularly difficult to produce for profit?

     

2. Who authorized the slave trade and who helped move slaves from Africa to the New World?

     

3. What are the positive and negative effects of silver mining in the New World for Spain?

     

4. Why do the authors claim this period of history as the “birth of the global economy?”

     

After you read:

|1. |What place did sugar have in European society before the fifteenth century? |

| |It was imported at great expense from China. |

| |It was a luxury product available only to a few. |

| |It was purchased in Africa and used only by royalty. |

| |Sugar could be grown in the Balkans, but the fall of Constantinople cut off that supply. |

|2. |What generated the bulk of Spanish wealth in the Americas? |

| |The hacienda system of farming and ranching |

| |Sugar plantations |

| |The slave trade |

| |Gold and silver taken from mines |

CHANGING ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS (14.5)

Before you read:

1. European attitudes toward Africans were similar to their attitudes about Jews – they viewed both as alien people who were naturally sinful and depraved. True or False

2. Writers like Montaigne and Shakespeare were not influential in the literature but their writing did influence many composers to write new music. True or False

While you read:

1. What is the “essay” and how does Montaigne use this new genre to express ideas?

     

2. What are some of Shakespeare’s significant works and why is he considered the undisputed master of this period of history where literature is concerned?

     

After you read:

|1. |How was William Shakespeare's work seen by his sixteenth- and seventeenth-century contemporaries? |

| |It was little known in his own time. |

| |It was considered just one example of the contributions by many very talented playwrights. |

| |It was best known outside of England. |

| |He was seen as the master dramatist of his era. |

|2. |How did Michel de Montaigne respond to the civil anarchy and war of the sixteenth century? |

| |He accepted that disunity and conflict were part of human existence. |

| |He promoted skepticism and cultural relativism. |

| |He emphasized persistence to overcome conflict. |

| |He felt confidence in the ultimate victory of absolute truth. |

FREE RESPONSE ESSAY PROMPT

Write an introductory paragraph which includes an original and specific thesis to the following prompt:

1. Analyze the factors that contributed to the increased centralization of Spain and the factors that contributed to the continuing fragmentation of Italy in the period 1450-1550. (2011 Exam)

     

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Chapter Timeline

--1450

--1500

--1550

--1600

--1650

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