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Final Worksheet: Digestive and Repro**Abdominal Muscles**Rectus sheath is an example of an aponeurosis: dense regular connective tissue“pockets in” muscle is the external oblique since the fibers run inferiorly and mediallyInternal oblique muscle runs superiorly and medially*Deepest muscle is the transversus abdominus*Organs of Digestion vs Accessory organsDigestive tract: MouthRectusAccessory organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreasFunctions of salivaBegins digestion (breakdown of sugars by amylase), lubrication, controls bacterial floraControlled by parasympathetic innervation (PAROTID GLAND: CN IX)3 main exocrine glads: parotid, submandibular, sublingualTeethGingiva:gumsPulp cavity:neurovascular tissueGomphosisDentin:continuous from crown to root (like bone but no living cells)2123 is dental formula (incisors, canines, premolar, molars)We are heterodonts because our teeth are different since we eat all types of food (not just meat or greens etc)EsophagusLocated behind tracheaLumen is lined with nonk stratified squamous tissue, also has muscular layer (smooth and skeletal musle) that is what helps us swallow by peristalsisIts mucosa has folds to allow for expansion when food passesEsophageal hiatus: where esophagus passes through diaphragmMesenteries anchor organs to the wall of the cavity. There is a visceral and parietal layer of PERITONEUM. The greater omentum is a type of mesentery that anchors and protects the abdominal organs anteriorly***StomachChamber for bulk storage of foodMechanical breakdown of food and chemical digestion of proteins (mixing of ingested substances with acids and enzymes of stomach is called CHYME)Mucosa of stomach has ruggae: allows for expansion and increase of surface areaMucosa of stomach (and digestive tract itself) is epithelium but the middle layers are very muscularCardia: point at which esophagus enters stomach :cardiac sphincterPylorus: point at which stomach connects with duodenum : pyloric sphincter Mucosa of stomach (simple columnar tissue) has lots of mucus producing cells that CONTINUOUSLY produce mucus to protect the stomach’s lining from gastric acids. If this mucus layer was not there, the stomach would be filled with ulcers and eventually digest itselfSmall intestineDuodenum, ileum, jejunumIntestinal lining has series of transverse folds called plicae circulares (permanent feature)Increase Surface area for absorptionEach plicae circulares has villi and each villus has microvilli, thus surface area goes from .33m^2 (if small intestine was smooth) to 200m^2Duodenum is first, C-shaped structure of small intestines that receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liverWalls of duodenum also contain duodenal submucosal glands that secrete protective mucus since the duodenum is receiving the highly acidic chyme from the stomachLACTEALSJejunum and ileumPlicae abundant and larger in jejunum (most absorption occurs here)As one approaches ileum, plicae and villi become smaller…less absorptionIleum has large amounts of aggregated lymphoid nodules (particularly near the end closer to the large intestine) due to the large numbers of potentially harmful bacteria that could enter the ileum from the cecumLarge Intestine Cecum (with appendix) and colonReabsorption of water and electrolytes, compaction and storage of fecesHaustra is formed by the presence of taenia coli. Haustra permit distension and elongation of colonNo villi, more goblet cells than small intestine, lots of lymphoid nodulesRectumRectum is expandable organ for temporary storage of fecal matter, movements of fecal mater into rectum triggers urge to defecateLast portion of the rectum is anal canalanal canal ends at anusInternal vs. external anal sphincter (internal is involuntary, external is voluntary)Accessory organs of digestionLiver, gallbladder, pancreasLiver: largest visceral organBile production, receives blood from digestive tract before it reaches systemic circulation Metabolic regulation:regulation of carbs, lipids, and amino acidsBlood regulation: remove damage RBCs, make plasma proteinsGallbladder: stores and secrets bile upon demandPancreas: digestive enzymes that break lipids, carbs, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the small intestine. Exocrine and endocrine glandREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM**MUSCLES**Levator ani muscle group: iliococcygeus/pubococcygeusThese are were kegels come in handy for women!Coccygeus is an assistant but not part of the levator aniMale Reproductive SystemTesticles are abdominal organs that descend out of the body at birth (since theyre abdominal organs, they are covered with peritoneum called tunica vaginalis)There are various layers surrounding testisScrotum:external skin sacTunica albuninia: encloses seminiferous tubules; extends into testis as septaTunica vaginalis: PERITONEUM of testisSpermatic fascial layers: layers of spermatic cord, extends from abdomen Dartos muscle (smooth) muscle with tonic contraction that causes characteristic wrinkling of scrotal surface and assists in elevation of testesCremaster muscle: (skeletal) muscle that pulls testes closer to the bodySpermatogenesisSeminiferous tubulesSpermatogonia formAfter division, one daughter cell is retained as a stem cell, other becomes primary spermatocytePrimary spermatocyte goes through 2 meiotic divisions (from primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocytes and then from secondary spermatocyte to spermatids) resulting in 4 spermatidsSpermatids then go through spermiogenesis (maturation) at sertoli (nurse) cellsEpididymis: recycling center for damaged spermatozoa, monitors and adjusts composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules, stores spermatozoa and facilitates FUNCTIONAL maturationDuctus deferens: paired ducts that go from the epididymis to the back of urinary bladder, CUT during vasectomySeminal glands: 60% fluid, prostate gland 30% fluid, bulbourethral glands 5% seminal fluids (alkaline mucus from this gland neutralizes urethra & lubricates penis)Corpora cavernosa (covered in tunica albuginea) and corpus spongiosumRich in blood and nerve supply (porous tissue)Corpus spongiosum surrounds urthera and continues into the glans penisFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM**LIGAMENT IS ANOTHER TERM FOR MESENTERY**Ligaments in female are draped over pouches; rectouterine pouch and vesicouterine puchRectouterine pouch at more danger than the vesicouterine pouch*OvariesAbdominal organs like the testesReceive blood, nerve supply through suspensory ligamentHave 2 functions: oogenesis and hormone secretion OogenesisPrimordial folliclesprimary folliclessecondary folliclesTERTIARY follicle (just one)Unlike spermatids, primary oocyte gives rise to an ovum and 3 polar bodiesFirst meiotic division gives one secondary oocyte and a small polar bodySecond meiotic division gives 3 polar bodies and one OVUM that is stuck in Meiosis II, if fertilized, Meiosis II will be completedOvulation: circa 14 days. Follicular wall ruptures, releasing oocyte into peritoneal cavity then into the uterine tubeCorpus luteum replaces follicle, secretes hormones to prepare uterus for pregnancy (if woman becomes pregnant, the placenta ultimately replaces the corpus luteum)Corpus albicans: if pregnancy doesn’t occur, luteum degenerates into albicans (scar tissue)Uterus:Endometrium:inner glandular mucosa, is shed during menstruationMyometrium: muscular layer of the uterusPerimetrium: serosal layer of the uterus Anteflexed in positionLevels of LH ad FSH and estrogen peak at ovulation. Levels of progesterone and inhibin peak during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle and secretory phase of uterine cycleTHE PICTURE BELOW THIS BULLET COULD BE USED AS REFERENCE IF DR LANCASTER EXPLAINED THIS. IF HE DIDN’T, DON’T WORRY ABOUT IT ................
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