THE SECTIONAL CRISIS America: Past and Present Chapter 14



THE SECTIONAL CRISIS

America: Past and Present Chapter 14

The spread of slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of Southern states.

The Compromise of 1850

North and South conflict violently over slavery’s extension into the territories

Professional politicians mediate conflict

__________________________Party _______________________ = ______________________ versus

__________________________

Emotions and Ideology become one

* Which will make compromise more difficult

The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican Cession

Slavery traditionally kept out of politics

* Constitution abolished international slave trade– but no further powers were offered

Radical abolitionists resorted to “higher law”

* “a Covenant with Death, an Agreement with Hell”

1840s = most __________________________ disliked _________________________, but detested

_________________________

Congressional (Federal) power over slavery includes

* setting conditions to make territories states

* forbidding slavery in new states

The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican Cession (2)

Northerners attacked ______________________ but were ___________________ because _____________________

government couldn’t ________________________________slavery

Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of slavery in new territory into question

* A movement in Congress began to prohibit slavery in new territories (Free-Soil)

The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movement

Mexican War mobilizes antislavery groups

Wilmot Proviso--_______________ all ___________________ (slavery) from ____________ territories to

___________________for __________________________ farmers

North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers

South: slaves are property under Constitution; fear more free states

The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movement (2)

Proviso passes in House, fails in Senate

* Party lines crumble: every Northern congressman voted for (except 2 Dems) while every Southerner (except 2 Whigs) voted

against

Battle over the Proviso foreshadows sectional conflict of 1850s

Squatter Sovereignty and the Election of 1848

Democratic presidential candidate __________________ Cass proposes ________________ ____________________

(______________________ rule)

* ____________________________ allows ________________________ settlers to __________________________

* Either for or against at constitutional convention

* supported by many antislavery forces

* Democratic leaders like it because its vague on the issue

Squatter Sovereignty and the Election of 1848 (2)

Free-Soil candidate Martin Van Buren demands definite limits on slavery

* ______________-__________________Party = 1st ____________________ party _____________________on ________________________ expansion of _______________________in _________________________

_________________________ Zachary __________________________ takes no________________________

* Hero of Buena Vista

Democrats nominate Cass on platform on Popular Sovereignty

Taylor _____________ election with __________________ than ______%

Taylor Takes Charge

Taylor proposes admitting California and New Mexico as states immediately

South reacts angrily

* not enough time for planters to settle

* immediate admission would result in ban

Calhoun denounced “northern aggression” against rights of slave states

Proposed Nashville convention prompts fears of Southern secession

Statehood for California

1850, CA writes constitution; elects leaders; applies for statehood

Pres. Zachary Taylor supports admission of California as free state

Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory

Forging a Compromise

Henry _____________ “the great ______________________” _________________________ package

(“__________________ bill”):

* California admitted as a free state

* _______________ trade __________________________ in ___________________________of

________________________

* strong __________________________ slave law

* enlarged New Mexico (& Utah) territory to be admitted on basis of popular sovereignty

* Texas drops claim to land north of 32nd parallel, etc. if U.S. government assumes their debt

Forging a Compromise (2)

Taylor’s _________________________ permits ______________________of slightly ____________________

compromise as _________________ measures

* Senate rejects compromise; Clay leaves Washington

* Stephen A. Douglas reintroduces resolutions individually (vote was on each issue separately)

Because of compromise, the bill passes—but there are problems from the start:

* Popular sovereignty in New Mexico/Utah

* Fugitive Slave Law allows for false ID by accusers or even kidnapping of free blacks

* Intensifies the abolition movement

Calhoun and Webster Respond

The last stand for the Big 3:

* Clay’s speech starts one of greatest debates in U.S. history

* John C. Calhoun presents Southern case for slavery in territories

* In famous speech, Daniel Webster calls for national unity

Political Upheaval, 1852-1856

Whigs and Democrats manage controversy in 1850

* Dems promoted expansion promising fair dividion between free and slave states (pop sov)

* Whigs opposed annexations ar acquisitions because that would bring the slave question to light

Sectionalism destroys both parties in 1850s

* ________________________ to find _____________________ issues ____________________ – leading to voter

______________________________ (apathy)

* Dems pushed _____________________________ _____________________________ again

* Whigs will disappear

* Here come the GOP!

The Party System in Crisis

Parties need new issues after 1850

* Whigs try national economic policy (ie –protective tariffs, national bank, & internal improvements) & anti-immigration

Democrats succeed

* claim credit for the nation's prosperity

* promise to defend the Compromise of 1850

* Immigrants voted democrat

The Party System in Crisis (2)

Whigs fail, become internally divided

1852--Whig Winfield Scott loses a landslide to Democrat Franklin Pierce

* Scott ___________________________ the ________________________ by lining up with the

_________________________ wing of the party

* Pierce was dull, but was a “doughface”

The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm

1854--Stephen Douglas introduces Kansas-Nebraska bill

* apply popular sovereignty to Kansas, Nebraska

* Hoped to unite Democratic Party (& become President)

* ________ would ________________________ ____________________________ stimulus

_____________________ __________________________ Compromise _________________—why?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm (2)

Douglas believes people want territories incorporated into Union

Wants railroad from Pacific to Chicago

* Thinks expansion will help Democrats (Manifest Destiny)

* “Little Giant” on board of Illinois Central RR

Feels ______________________ sovereignty on ____________________ best was to _____________________ new

_____________________

The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm (3)

Act ________________________ on ___________________________ vote

Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate

Northerners outraged --Mass defection among Northern Democrats

* “Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854 congressional elections

* 66 of 91 Northern Dem seats lost

* Democrats become sole Southern party

* President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba (Ostend Manifesto) provokes antislavery firestorm

An Appeal to Nativism: The Know-Nothing Episode

Collapse of Whig party creates an opening for new political parties

_________________________-__________________________ (American Party) ______________________ to anti-

______________________________ sentiment

* Native born & immigrant Protestants

* The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner replied to questions – “I know nothing”

An Appeal to Nativism: The Know-Nothing Episode (2)

1854--American party surges (see map)

By 1856 Know-Nothings collapse

* Northern & Southern delegates split on issue of slavery in territories

* Containing slavery more popular in North

* Immigration began to decline in 1855

* “Bleeding Kansas” was concerning

Probable cause: no response to slavery

* They were “anti-political”= against politicians

* Inexperienced Know-Nothings = Do Nothing

Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans

_______________________-__________________________ Act ________________________ to the _____________

Republican party unites former Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Democrats

* New party before Free-Soilers wouldn’t cooperate with Whigs

Appeals to Northern sectional sympathies

* GOP leaders didn’t take anti-immigrant stance, but supported prohibition, observing the Sabbath, Protestant Bible-reading in

schools, etc.

* Used experienced politicians

Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans (2)

Growth due to strong position against slavery in the territories

Defends West for white, small farmers

* “Free labor” = “the right to rise”

“Bleeding Kansas” helps Republicans

* struggle among abolitionists, proslavery forces for control of Kansas territory

* Republicans use conflict to appeal for voters

“The Pottawatomie Massacre”

Abolitionist John __________________ believes ______________________ wants him to _________________ slavery

Brown, followers violently kill 5 men in “Pottawatomie Massacre”

Territory called _________________________ Kansas for ______________________________ that kill some

__________________

Sectional Division in the Election of 1856

Republican John C. Frémont seeks votes only in free states

Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions sectional compromise

Democrat James Buchanan defends the Compromise of 1850, carries election

Republicans make clear gains in North

The House Divided, 1857-1860

Sectional quarrel becomes virtually irreconcilable under Buchanan

Growing sense of deep cultural differences, opposing interests between North and South

___________________________ Charles ____________________________ __________________________

_____________________ colleagues, slavery

___________________________ Preston S. __________________________ beats ________________________

__________________________________ for _______________________________ to _____________________________

Southerners applaud Brooks; Northerners condemn him

Differences Between North and South

_________________________ and _______________________ in the North

1850s North industrialized; makes large amount, _____________________of _________________________

______________________________ carry raw materials east, manufactures and settlers west

- small towns quickly become cities

- _____________________________wires provide fast ________________________

Immigrants become industrial workers, fear expansion of slavery

- slave labor might ____________________________ with free labor

- could reduce status of white workers unable to compete

Differences Between North and South(2)

______________________________and __________________________ in the South

South predominantly ________________________, mostly plantations and small ____________________

Economy relies on ____________________ ______________________; manufacture ___________________ 10% of U.S.

goods

______________________ immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans meet labor needs

In 3 states, blacks are majority; in 2, are half of population

Whites fear restriction of slavery will change society, economy

Cultural Sectionalism

Major Protestant denominations divide into northern and southern entities over slavery

Southern literature romanticizes plantation life

South seeks intellectual, economic independence

Northern intellectuals condemn slavery

The Dred Scott Case

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): ______________________________ ____________________ can decide on

_________________________ in the territories

Court refuses narrow determination of case

Major arguments

* Scott has no _________________________ to ________________________ because neither he nor any other

______________________, slave or free, a ____________________________

* ______________________________ has _________ authority to _________________________ slavery in territories,

Missouri Compromise ____________________________________

Ruling _____________________________ Republicans

Debating the Morality of Slavery

Lincoln

* decries “Southern plot” to extend slavery

* promises to work for slavery’s extinction

* casts slavery as a moral problem

* defends white supremacy in response to Douglas

Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring equality

Lincoln loses election, gains national reputation

The Lecompton Controversy

1857--rigged Lecompton convention drafts constitution to make Kansas a slave state

House defeats attempt by Buchanan, Southerners to admit Kansas

Lecompton constitution referred back

People of Kansas repudiate

Stephen Douglas splits Democrats in break with Buchanan over Lecompton

The South's Crisis of Fear

October, 18_____--John ______________________ raids ______________________________ ___________________

Brown executed,______________________ mourns as _______________________

December, 1859--Republican candidate for Speaker denounced as seditious “Helperite”

_____________________________ seen as _____________________________ ____________________________

Southerners __________________________ they ________________________ _______________________ on

_____________________________of ____________________________________ president

The Election of 1860: Democrats

Party splits

Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas

Southern Democrat John Breckenridge

The Election of 1860: Constitutional Union Party

Candidate John Bell

Promises compromise between North and South

The Election of 1860: Republicans

Seward and Lincoln

Senator William H. Seward expected to win nomination

Lincoln wins nomination; seen as more moderate than Seward

- tells South will not meddle with slaves; South feels threatened

The Election of 1860: Republicans (2)

Abraham Lincoln nominated

* home state of Illinois crucial to election

* seen as moderate

Platform to widen party’s appeal

* high tariffs for industry

* free homesteads for small farmers

* government aid for internal improvements

Lincoln wins by carrying North

Explaining the Crisis

Republicans a strict sectional party

Fundamental conflict of ideals

Southern ideals

* ______________________________, generosity, prosperity

* slavery ___________________________on the grounds of ___________________

Northern ideals

* ___________________________ by ______________________________ Protestantism

* each person _________________ and __________________________

* slavery__________________________ and ___________________________

The Calm Before the Storm

Buchanan calls secession illegal, says also illegal to stop it

Mass resignations from government in Washington, D.C.

The Shaping of the Confederacy

______________________________ _______________________________ and ____ other states _________________:

- want complete independence from federal control

- fear end to their way of life

- want to preserve slave labor system

Feb. 18___ __________________________ or Confederate States of America ___________________

Confederacy _________________________ slavery, ________________________ each _______________________

_______________________________

Former senator Jefferson __________________________ ________________________________ elected

_________________________________

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