THE SECTIONAL CRISIS America: Past and Present Chapter 14
THE SECTIONAL CRISIS
America: Past and Present Chapter 14
The spread of slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of Southern states.
The Compromise of 1850
North and South conflict violently over slavery’s extension into the territories
Professional politicians mediate conflict
__________________________Party _______________________ = ______________________ versus
__________________________
Emotions and Ideology become one
* Which will make compromise more difficult
The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican Cession
Slavery traditionally kept out of politics
* Constitution abolished international slave trade– but no further powers were offered
Radical abolitionists resorted to “higher law”
* “a Covenant with Death, an Agreement with Hell”
1840s = most __________________________ disliked _________________________, but detested
_________________________
Congressional (Federal) power over slavery includes
* setting conditions to make territories states
* forbidding slavery in new states
The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican Cession (2)
Northerners attacked ______________________ but were ___________________ because _____________________
government couldn’t ________________________________slavery
Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of slavery in new territory into question
* A movement in Congress began to prohibit slavery in new territories (Free-Soil)
The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movement
Mexican War mobilizes antislavery groups
Wilmot Proviso--_______________ all ___________________ (slavery) from ____________ territories to
___________________for __________________________ farmers
North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers
South: slaves are property under Constitution; fear more free states
The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movement (2)
Proviso passes in House, fails in Senate
* Party lines crumble: every Northern congressman voted for (except 2 Dems) while every Southerner (except 2 Whigs) voted
against
Battle over the Proviso foreshadows sectional conflict of 1850s
Squatter Sovereignty and the Election of 1848
Democratic presidential candidate __________________ Cass proposes ________________ ____________________
(______________________ rule)
* ____________________________ allows ________________________ settlers to __________________________
* Either for or against at constitutional convention
* supported by many antislavery forces
* Democratic leaders like it because its vague on the issue
Squatter Sovereignty and the Election of 1848 (2)
Free-Soil candidate Martin Van Buren demands definite limits on slavery
* ______________-__________________Party = 1st ____________________ party _____________________on ________________________ expansion of _______________________in _________________________
_________________________ Zachary __________________________ takes no________________________
* Hero of Buena Vista
Democrats nominate Cass on platform on Popular Sovereignty
Taylor _____________ election with __________________ than ______%
Taylor Takes Charge
Taylor proposes admitting California and New Mexico as states immediately
South reacts angrily
* not enough time for planters to settle
* immediate admission would result in ban
Calhoun denounced “northern aggression” against rights of slave states
Proposed Nashville convention prompts fears of Southern secession
Statehood for California
1850, CA writes constitution; elects leaders; applies for statehood
Pres. Zachary Taylor supports admission of California as free state
Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory
Forging a Compromise
Henry _____________ “the great ______________________” _________________________ package
(“__________________ bill”):
* California admitted as a free state
* _______________ trade __________________________ in ___________________________of
________________________
* strong __________________________ slave law
* enlarged New Mexico (& Utah) territory to be admitted on basis of popular sovereignty
* Texas drops claim to land north of 32nd parallel, etc. if U.S. government assumes their debt
Forging a Compromise (2)
Taylor’s _________________________ permits ______________________of slightly ____________________
compromise as _________________ measures
* Senate rejects compromise; Clay leaves Washington
* Stephen A. Douglas reintroduces resolutions individually (vote was on each issue separately)
Because of compromise, the bill passes—but there are problems from the start:
* Popular sovereignty in New Mexico/Utah
* Fugitive Slave Law allows for false ID by accusers or even kidnapping of free blacks
* Intensifies the abolition movement
Calhoun and Webster Respond
The last stand for the Big 3:
* Clay’s speech starts one of greatest debates in U.S. history
* John C. Calhoun presents Southern case for slavery in territories
* In famous speech, Daniel Webster calls for national unity
Political Upheaval, 1852-1856
Whigs and Democrats manage controversy in 1850
* Dems promoted expansion promising fair dividion between free and slave states (pop sov)
* Whigs opposed annexations ar acquisitions because that would bring the slave question to light
Sectionalism destroys both parties in 1850s
* ________________________ to find _____________________ issues ____________________ – leading to voter
______________________________ (apathy)
* Dems pushed _____________________________ _____________________________ again
* Whigs will disappear
* Here come the GOP!
The Party System in Crisis
Parties need new issues after 1850
* Whigs try national economic policy (ie –protective tariffs, national bank, & internal improvements) & anti-immigration
Democrats succeed
* claim credit for the nation's prosperity
* promise to defend the Compromise of 1850
* Immigrants voted democrat
The Party System in Crisis (2)
Whigs fail, become internally divided
1852--Whig Winfield Scott loses a landslide to Democrat Franklin Pierce
* Scott ___________________________ the ________________________ by lining up with the
_________________________ wing of the party
* Pierce was dull, but was a “doughface”
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm
1854--Stephen Douglas introduces Kansas-Nebraska bill
* apply popular sovereignty to Kansas, Nebraska
* Hoped to unite Democratic Party (& become President)
* ________ would ________________________ ____________________________ stimulus
_____________________ __________________________ Compromise _________________—why?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm (2)
Douglas believes people want territories incorporated into Union
Wants railroad from Pacific to Chicago
* Thinks expansion will help Democrats (Manifest Destiny)
* “Little Giant” on board of Illinois Central RR
Feels ______________________ sovereignty on ____________________ best was to _____________________ new
_____________________
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm (3)
Act ________________________ on ___________________________ vote
Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate
Northerners outraged --Mass defection among Northern Democrats
* “Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854 congressional elections
* 66 of 91 Northern Dem seats lost
* Democrats become sole Southern party
* President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba (Ostend Manifesto) provokes antislavery firestorm
An Appeal to Nativism: The Know-Nothing Episode
Collapse of Whig party creates an opening for new political parties
_________________________-__________________________ (American Party) ______________________ to anti-
______________________________ sentiment
* Native born & immigrant Protestants
* The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner replied to questions – “I know nothing”
An Appeal to Nativism: The Know-Nothing Episode (2)
1854--American party surges (see map)
By 1856 Know-Nothings collapse
* Northern & Southern delegates split on issue of slavery in territories
* Containing slavery more popular in North
* Immigration began to decline in 1855
* “Bleeding Kansas” was concerning
Probable cause: no response to slavery
* They were “anti-political”= against politicians
* Inexperienced Know-Nothings = Do Nothing
Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans
_______________________-__________________________ Act ________________________ to the _____________
Republican party unites former Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Democrats
* New party before Free-Soilers wouldn’t cooperate with Whigs
Appeals to Northern sectional sympathies
* GOP leaders didn’t take anti-immigrant stance, but supported prohibition, observing the Sabbath, Protestant Bible-reading in
schools, etc.
* Used experienced politicians
Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans (2)
Growth due to strong position against slavery in the territories
Defends West for white, small farmers
* “Free labor” = “the right to rise”
“Bleeding Kansas” helps Republicans
* struggle among abolitionists, proslavery forces for control of Kansas territory
* Republicans use conflict to appeal for voters
“The Pottawatomie Massacre”
Abolitionist John __________________ believes ______________________ wants him to _________________ slavery
Brown, followers violently kill 5 men in “Pottawatomie Massacre”
Territory called _________________________ Kansas for ______________________________ that kill some
__________________
Sectional Division in the Election of 1856
Republican John C. Frémont seeks votes only in free states
Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions sectional compromise
Democrat James Buchanan defends the Compromise of 1850, carries election
Republicans make clear gains in North
The House Divided, 1857-1860
Sectional quarrel becomes virtually irreconcilable under Buchanan
Growing sense of deep cultural differences, opposing interests between North and South
___________________________ Charles ____________________________ __________________________
_____________________ colleagues, slavery
___________________________ Preston S. __________________________ beats ________________________
__________________________________ for _______________________________ to _____________________________
Southerners applaud Brooks; Northerners condemn him
Differences Between North and South
_________________________ and _______________________ in the North
1850s North industrialized; makes large amount, _____________________of _________________________
______________________________ carry raw materials east, manufactures and settlers west
- small towns quickly become cities
- _____________________________wires provide fast ________________________
Immigrants become industrial workers, fear expansion of slavery
- slave labor might ____________________________ with free labor
- could reduce status of white workers unable to compete
Differences Between North and South(2)
______________________________and __________________________ in the South
South predominantly ________________________, mostly plantations and small ____________________
Economy relies on ____________________ ______________________; manufacture ___________________ 10% of U.S.
goods
______________________ immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans meet labor needs
In 3 states, blacks are majority; in 2, are half of population
Whites fear restriction of slavery will change society, economy
Cultural Sectionalism
Major Protestant denominations divide into northern and southern entities over slavery
Southern literature romanticizes plantation life
South seeks intellectual, economic independence
Northern intellectuals condemn slavery
The Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): ______________________________ ____________________ can decide on
_________________________ in the territories
Court refuses narrow determination of case
Major arguments
* Scott has no _________________________ to ________________________ because neither he nor any other
______________________, slave or free, a ____________________________
* ______________________________ has _________ authority to _________________________ slavery in territories,
Missouri Compromise ____________________________________
Ruling _____________________________ Republicans
Debating the Morality of Slavery
Lincoln
* decries “Southern plot” to extend slavery
* promises to work for slavery’s extinction
* casts slavery as a moral problem
* defends white supremacy in response to Douglas
Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring equality
Lincoln loses election, gains national reputation
The Lecompton Controversy
1857--rigged Lecompton convention drafts constitution to make Kansas a slave state
House defeats attempt by Buchanan, Southerners to admit Kansas
Lecompton constitution referred back
People of Kansas repudiate
Stephen Douglas splits Democrats in break with Buchanan over Lecompton
The South's Crisis of Fear
October, 18_____--John ______________________ raids ______________________________ ___________________
Brown executed,______________________ mourns as _______________________
December, 1859--Republican candidate for Speaker denounced as seditious “Helperite”
_____________________________ seen as _____________________________ ____________________________
Southerners __________________________ they ________________________ _______________________ on
_____________________________of ____________________________________ president
The Election of 1860: Democrats
Party splits
Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas
Southern Democrat John Breckenridge
The Election of 1860: Constitutional Union Party
Candidate John Bell
Promises compromise between North and South
The Election of 1860: Republicans
Seward and Lincoln
Senator William H. Seward expected to win nomination
Lincoln wins nomination; seen as more moderate than Seward
- tells South will not meddle with slaves; South feels threatened
The Election of 1860: Republicans (2)
Abraham Lincoln nominated
* home state of Illinois crucial to election
* seen as moderate
Platform to widen party’s appeal
* high tariffs for industry
* free homesteads for small farmers
* government aid for internal improvements
Lincoln wins by carrying North
Explaining the Crisis
Republicans a strict sectional party
Fundamental conflict of ideals
Southern ideals
* ______________________________, generosity, prosperity
* slavery ___________________________on the grounds of ___________________
Northern ideals
* ___________________________ by ______________________________ Protestantism
* each person _________________ and __________________________
* slavery__________________________ and ___________________________
The Calm Before the Storm
Buchanan calls secession illegal, says also illegal to stop it
Mass resignations from government in Washington, D.C.
The Shaping of the Confederacy
______________________________ _______________________________ and ____ other states _________________:
- want complete independence from federal control
- fear end to their way of life
- want to preserve slave labor system
Feb. 18___ __________________________ or Confederate States of America ___________________
Confederacy _________________________ slavery, ________________________ each _______________________
_______________________________
Former senator Jefferson __________________________ ________________________________ elected
_________________________________
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