Special Forces Unconventional Warfare Operations

[Pages:296]FM 3-05.201

Special Forces Unconventional Warfare

Operations

APRIL 2003

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 15 March 2003. Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, ATTN: AOJK-DT-SFD, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28310-5000.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

Headquarters, Department of the Army

Field Manual No. 3-05.201

FM 3-05.201

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Washington, DC, 30 April 2003

Special Forces Unconventional Warfare Operations

Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Contents

Page

PREFACE ..................................................................................................................iv OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................1-1 Unconventional Warfare Aspects ............................................................................ 1-1 Resistance and Insurgency ..................................................................................... 1-3 Dynamics of Insurgencies ....................................................................................... 1-4 United States Sponsorship.................................................................................... 1-11 Information Operations in UW ...............................................................................1-18 Psychological Operations in UW ...........................................................................1-19 Civil-Military Operations in UW..............................................................................1-20 Special Operations Imperatives ............................................................................1-21

PREMISSION ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................... 2-1 Mission Analysis ...................................................................................................... 2-1 Procedures .............................................................................................................. 2-2 Products .................................................................................................................. 2-5 Staff Activities ..........................................................................................................2-7 Subordinate Operational Elements ......................................................................... 2-9 Mission Planning ................................................................................................... 2-12 Deliberate Planning Process ................................................................................. 2-12 Feasibility Assessment Process............................................................................ 2-14

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 15 March 2003. Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander, United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, ATTN: AOJK-DT-SFD, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28310-5000.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

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FM 3-05.201

Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Page

Postfeasibility Assessment Activities .................................................................... 2-16 Mission Preparation .............................................................................................. 2-22 Premission Training .............................................................................................. 2-23 Intelligence ............................................................................................................ 2-23 Personnel .............................................................................................................. 2-24 Logistics and Communications ............................................................................. 2-24 Preemployment Preparation ................................................................................. 2-25 Time-Sensitive (Crisis-Action) Planning Process ................................................. 2-25 Emerging Missions................................................................................................ 2-25 Detailed Mission Preparations .............................................................................. 2-26

EMPLOYMENT....................................................................................................... 3-1 Infiltration................................................................................................................. 3-1 Area Assessment.................................................................................................... 3-1 Development of the JSOA ...................................................................................... 3-3 Guerrilla Bases ..................................................................................................... 3-10 Development of the Resistance Organization ...................................................... 3-15 Elements of the Resistance .................................................................................. 3-18 Training the Resistance Organization................................................................... 3-34 Training the Guerrilla Force .................................................................................. 3-35 Training Staff and Auxiliary or Underground Personnel ....................................... 3-38 Combat Employment ............................................................................................ 3-43 Defensive Operations ........................................................................................... 3-48 Offensive Operations ............................................................................................ 3-48 Raids ..................................................................................................................... 3-49 Battalion (Large) Raids ......................................................................................... 3-56 Ambushes ............................................................................................................. 3-58 Categories of Ambushes....................................................................................... 3-60 Support and Sustainment ..................................................................................... 3-88 Indicators of Counterguerrilla Operations ............................................................. 3-89

POSTMISSION ACTIVITIES .................................................................................. 4-1 Transition ................................................................................................................ 4-1 Demobilization......................................................................................................... 4-2 Dangers of Demobilization...................................................................................... 4-5

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Page

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J

Appendix K Appendix L Appendix M

UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT ......................A-1 COMMUNICATIONS...............................................................................................B-1 MEDICAL ASPECTS ............................................................................................. C-1 LEGAL PRINCIPLES............................................................................................. D-1 LOGISTICS CONSIDERATIONS ...........................................................................E-1 INFILTRATION........................................................................................................F-1 SPECIAL FORCES AREA ASSESSMENT........................................................... G-1 AREA STUDY OUTLINE FORMAT....................................................................... H-1 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ........................................................................ I-1 EXAMPLE OF TRAINING PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION FOR RESISTANCE FORCES................................................................................. J-1 SPECIAL FORCES CACHING ...............................................................................K-1 LINKUP OPERATIONS .......................................................................................... L-1 DEMOBILIZATION OF GUERRILLA FORCES .................................................... M-1 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................Glossary-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... Bibliography-1 INDEX............................................................................................................... Index-1

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Preface

Field manual (FM) 3-05.201 provides the doctrinal basis for the conduct of unconventional warfare (UW) missions across the operational continuum. It continues the doctrinal education process that begins with Joint Publications (JPs) 3-05, Doctrine for Joint Special Operations; 3-05.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations; 3-05.5, Joint Special Operations Targeting and Mission Planning Procedures; and FMs 100-25, Doctrine for Army Special Operations Forces, and 3-05.20, Special Forces Operations. This manual informs and guides Special Forces (SF) commanders, staffs, and operational personnel primarily at battalion and lower echelons (Special Forces operational detachments [SFODs] A, B, and C) in their planning for and conduct of UW.

This manual provides historical examples to highlight key points throughout the text. It offers tactics, techniques, procedures, and references to support future SF operations. It also provides general UW guidance, mission procedures, and information ordered chronologically from receipt of the unit mission letter through postmission activities.

Users of this manual should adapt its content to meet their situation and mission requirements. The SFODs use the mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available--time available and civil considerations (METT-TC) analysis system.

Examples of specific UW techniques and procedures are provided in the appendixes. The appendixes let the users of this manual review the basics of UW mission performance from beginning to end. For users interested only in the details of specific techniques, the appendixes provide reference material keyed to the generic activities in the text.

Commanders and trainers should use this information and other related manuals to plan and conduct rehearsals of mission-specific training. They should also use command guidance and the Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP). The key to assuring success is planning UW-related training before being employed with a specific UW mission.

The proponent of this manual is the United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS). Submit comments and recommended changes to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DT-SFD, Fort Bragg, NC 28310-5000.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.

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Chapter 1

Overview

FM 3-05.20 defines UW as a broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations, predominantly conducted through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces organized, trained, equipped, supported, and directed in varying degrees by an external source. UW includes, but is not limited to, guerrilla warfare (GW), sabotage, subversion, intelligence activities, and unconventional assisted recovery (UAR).

UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE ASPECTS

1-1. UW also includes interrelated aspects that may be prosecuted singly or collectively by predominantly indigenous or surrogate personnel. An external source usually supports and directs these personnel in varying degrees during all conditions of war or peace. The intent of United States (U.S.) UW operations is to exploit a hostile power's political, military, economic, and psychological vulnerability by developing and sustaining resistance forces to accomplish U.S. strategic objectives.

1-2. Regardless of whether UW objectives are strategic or operational, the nature of resistance and the fundamental tactics and techniques of UW operations remain unchanged. UW includes the following interrelated activities.

1-3. Guerrilla warfare consists of military and paramilitary operations conducted by irregular, predominantly indigenous forces against superior forces in enemy-held or hostile territory. It is the overt military aspect of an insurgency.

1-4. Sabotage is an act or acts with intent to injure or obstruct the national defense of a nation by willfully damaging or destroying any national defense or war materiel, premises, or utilities, including human and natural resources. It may also refer to actions taken to injure or obstruct the military capability of an occupying power. Sabotage may be the most effective or the only means of attacking specific targets beyond the capabilities of conventional weapon systems. Sabotage selectively disrupts, destroys, or neutralizes hostile capabilities with a minimum of manpower and material resources. SF conducts sabotage unilaterally through indigenous or surrogate personnel. Sabotage is also a form of effects-based targeting performed by SF personnel. FM 3-05.220, (S) Special Forces Advanced Special Operations (U), Volumes I and II, provides detailed information on sabotage.

1-5. Subversion is any action designed to undermine the military, economic, psychological, or political strength or morale of a regime. All elements of the resistance organization contribute to the subversive effort, but the clandestine nature of subversion dictates that the underground will do the

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bulk of the activity. Subversion is a form of effects-based targeting on human terrain.

1-6. Effective SF targeting demands accurate, timely, and well-organized intelligence. SF personnel must develop good intelligence skills for overt collection, tactical reconnaissance, and the assembly of available intelligence for mission planning packets. Sound target analysis uses the criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect, recognizability (CARVER) matrix; provides options to planners; satisfies statements of operational requirements (SOR); meets the commander's objectives; and reduces the risk to operators. FM 100-25 provides more detailed information on targeting.

1-7. Intelligence activities assess areas of interest ranging from political and military personalities to the military capabilities of friendly and enemy forces. SF must perform intelligence activities ranging from developing information critical to planning and conducting operations, sustaining and protecting themselves and the UW force, to assessing the capabilities and intentions of indigenous and coalition forces. These activities may be unilateral or conducted through surrogates. SF intelligence activities may require coordination with other government agencies (OGAs) and may involve national-level oversight.

1-8. Unconventional assisted recovery is a subset of nonconventional assisted recovery (NAR) and is conducted by special operations forces (SOF) (Department of Defense [DOD] Directive 2310.2). UW forces conduct UAR operations to seek out, contact, authenticate, and support military and other selected personnel as they move from an enemy-held, hostile, or sensitive area to areas under friendly control. UAR includes operating unconventional assisted recovery mechanisms (UARMs) and unconventional assisted recovery teams (UARTs). The UARM refers to an entity, group of entities, or organizations within enemy-held territory that operate in a clandestine or covert manner to return designated personnel to friendly control and most often consists of established indigenous or surrogate infrastructures. UARTs consist primarily of SOF personnel directed to service existing designated areas of recovery (DARs) or selected areas for evasion (SAFEs) to recover evaders.

1-9. UW has taken on new significance for several reasons. Historically, SF units have focused on UW as a part of general war. Now, the U.S. policy of supporting selected resistance movements requires SF to focus on UW during conflicts short of war. Also, global urbanization provides for a shift in emphasis from rural guerrilla warfare to all aspects of clandestine resistance including urban and border operations. Training and support for these operations may come from the joint special operations area (JSOA) or from an external training or support site. Some scenarios may dictate a traditional role reversal--the urban guerrilla may conduct most of the operations while supported by the rural guerrilla.

1-10. UW is the most challenging of SF missions because it involves protracted operations with joint forces, allied forces, indigenous or surrogate forces, U.S. agencies, or elements of all of these entities. UW involves detailed, centralized planning and coordination from the SFODA through the Secretary of Defense, and ultimately, decentralized execution. UW requires

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proficiency in other SF principal missions (foreign internal defense [FID], direct action [DA], and special reconnaissance [SR]) since, once deployed, the UW mission may include portions of those missions. Before the conduct of SF UW operations, a resistance potential should exist. SF personnel do not create this resistance potential. It is already present and has usually developed into a resistance movement or an organized effort by some portion of the civil population to resist the regime.

1-11. When UW operations support conventional military operations, the focus shifts to primarily military objectives. When a conventional force is committed and its area of interest nears the JSOA, resistance operations may expand to help the tactical commander. In addition, there are times (Operation ENDURING FREEDOM) when the introduction of conventional forces does not take the main effort away from unconventional operations; in fact, the conventional forces may support the unconventional forces. UW operations can--

? Delay and disrupt hostile military operations. ? Interdict lines of communication. ? Deny the hostile power unrestricted use of key areas. ? Divert the hostile power's attention and resources from the main battle

area.

? Interdict hostile warfighting capabilities.

RESISTANCE AND INSURGENCY

1-12. A government's inability or unwillingness to meet the legitimate needs of its people may cause widespread frustration and dissatisfaction. People may lose their faith and confidence because the government lacks legitimacy. They may also simply recognize that the government is incapable of effectively providing internal security and development.

1-13. Resistance may be either nonviolent or violent. Nonviolent resistance involves acts such as ostracism, tax evasion, boycotts, strikes, or other types of civil disobedience. Violent resistance includes sabotage, subversion, and guerrilla warfare. People usually resist nonviolently at first. However, they may willingly take up violent resistance if a subversive cadre provides them with a cause they perceive to be both worthy and achievable. If the sociopolitical conditions are oppressive enough, resistance may develop into an organized resistance movement.

1-14. A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to oppose or overthrow the established government or cause withdrawal of an occupying power. The center of gravity in any resistance movement is the people's will to resist. The people bear the brunt of the established authority's retaliatory measures. Although armed resistance may be stability operations and support operations from the U.S. perspective, it is total war for those who take up arms.

1-15. An insurgency is an organized resistance movement that uses subversion, sabotage, and armed conflict to achieve its aims. It is a protracted politico-military struggle designed to weaken government control and legitimacy while increasing insurgent control and legitimacy--the

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