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5180140-25022800923925-25273000Medicine Through Time key wordsC1250-c1500: Medicine in medieval England Four HumoursBlack bile, yellow bile, blood, phlegm – four elements that make up the body, if they become unbalanced you become sick.HippocratesCreated the theory of the four humours, said you should observe a patients symptoms.GalenDeveloped the theory of the four humours and said you should treat the opposite humour in order to balance them.Barber surgeonCan bleed, lance, pull out teeth and perform amputations. Fairly cheap, no qualifications.ApothecaryCan mix medicines, trained in a similar way to an apprentice.WomenChildbirth and herbal remedies, respected, freeTrained PhysicianStudied Galen and Hippocrates, very expensive, cannot treat you but can tell you what’s wrong so that the apothecary can treat you more accurately.MiasmaThe air is filled with harmful fumesUrine chartsUsed by trained physicians to diagnose diseasePilgrimageA journey to a place of religious importance. Blood-lettingRemoving bad blood to balance humoursPurgingMaking someone throw up or have diarrhoea to balance humours.Regimen SanitatisInstructions provided by physicians to help a patient maintain good health.EndowmentLeaving money to the church to help set up a hospital when you die.PenancePunishing yourself to show you are sorry for your sins.BuboePuss filled boil associated with the Black DeathLazar HouseHospital for people suffering from leprosyC1500-c1700: Medicine in Renaissance England AlchemyA form of chemistry in which one material is turned into another.Thomas SydenhamSaid you should treat the disease as a whole (rather than individual symptoms), believed in close observation of patients and did not believe treatments should vary from person to person.Printing PressPrinted books, allowed the spread of ideasHumanismA love of learning, humans should investigate to find the truthRoyal SocietyA group of scientists that shared new discoveries and ideasTransferenceTransfer your disease into something else – some slept with sheep in their room hoping the disease would transfer to the sheepIatrochemistryUsing chemicals to cure disease instead of herbs and plantsAnatomyStudy of the human bodyAndreas VesaliusHumanist, believed you could only learn anatomy by studying the body through dissection. Wanted to share discoveries through on the fabric of the human body. Found 300 mistakes in Galen’s work.DissectionCutting open the body so that you can examine inside it, had been banned by the church in the medieval period.Pest houseshospital set up for people with plague or poxWilliam HarveyDeveloped understanding of blood circulation and the heartC1700-c1900: Medicine in early modern EnglandSpontaneous GenerationMicrobes are the product of decay rather than the cause of it. They appear from nothing!MicrobeAny living organism that is too small to see without a microscope (EG bacteria)Germ TheoryMicrobes are not evenly distributed in the air, the air contains microorganisms, microbes can be killed by heating them, microbes cause decay – Said that if these germs were in the air they might also cause diseaseLouis PasteurDeveloped Germ Theory, not a doctor so people didn’t listen at firstJohn TyndallLinked Germ Theory to disease, discovered small particles in the air that he said carried germsRobert KochDeveloped Pasteur’s ideas, identified microbes that caused disease. He stained, photographed and grew them, these methods helped future scientists build on his work. He found the germ that caused cholera in 1883.BacteriologyStudy of bacteria – Robert Koch known as the ‘father of bacteriology’Florence NightingaleWorked in Crimea and developed methods to keep hospitals clean, wrote notes on nursing to train other nurses, believed in miasma theory. AnaestheticUsed to put someone to sleep so that they can go through surgery safelyJames SimpsonFound chloroform, the first effective anaesthetic.Joseph ListerDeveloped the use of carbolic acid for aseptic surgeryAseptic surgerySurgery where microbes are prevented from getting into a wound in the first placeInoculateDeliberately infecting oneself with a disease in order to avoid a more serious caseVaccinationAn injection that prevents someone from catching a serious diseaseEdward JennerDiscovered the vaccination for small pox. Other scientists used this to create many vaccinations for other diseases.Laissez-Faire‘let them be’ – the government should not get involved in people’s lives.Public Health Act 1848 Focused on improving living conditions, optional so had limited impact.PHA 1875Same focus but compulsory, clean water, sewage, new housing etc.Edwin ChadwickFought for conditions of the poor, he said the health of the nation affects the wealth of the nation.CholeraA disease caused by drinking dirty water John SnowDiscovered that cholera was caused by dirty water through his experiment with the Broad Street Pump. C1900-present: Medicine in modern England BiopsyTaking a sample of flesh for testingGeneticsThe study of DNA to work out the causes of diseaseHereditaryPassed on from a parent, for example HaeomphilliaDNAYour coding, it defines your hair colour, eye colour and any hereditary diseasesJames WatsonWorked together to discover the structure of DNA, they used X-rays created by Rosalind Franklin and built the first model of DNA.Francis CrickHuman Genome Project 1990Project run by Watson and Crick to map the information that is held in DNA, it took teams of scientists 10 years to complete the project. X-rayAllows you to see inside the bodyCT scanA scan that allows you to see inside organsAntibioticMeans against life, it destroys the growth of bacteria in the bodyMagic BulletTargets a disease specifically, leaving the rest of the body unharmedPenicillinThe first true antibiotic found by Fleming.Alexander FlemingFound penicillin when he left a culture whilst he went on holiday, gave up his research though because he didn’t think it would work on humans.Florey and ChainDeveloped the use of penicillin to work on humans.NHS 1948National health service, aimed to provide free health care for all. Beveridge ReportSaid that Britain could not recover from war until ‘five giants’ were tackled, one of which was disease.Clean Air Acts 1956A law passed to provide a healthier environment for people to prevent disease.Lung CancerA type of cancer often caused by smoking.StoptoberA government campaign in which you stop smoking for a month.Blood TransfusionBlood taken from a healthy person and given to another person.Plastic surgeryRepairing parts of the body by transfer of tissue.The British sector of the Western Front 1914-1918Blood transfusionBlood taken from a healthy person and given to another personBlood BankBlood stored for blood transfusion, first successful at CambraiTrenchEither side of no-man’s-land where attacks are launched fromNo-man’s-landAn area between trenches in which fighting occursCreeping barrageArtillery launched from the trenches towards the German lines ahead of the British as it advanced forwards.TanksFirst used in WW1 – many technical problemsStretcher-bearerTransport injured soldiers from the front line to the RAPHorse-drawn/motor ambulancesUsed to transport soldiers. Horse-drawn ambulances used more often because it was so muddy and hard for vehicles to cross. Bumpy- led to worse injuries.Trench footPainful swelling of the feat caused by standing in cold mud and water. Can lead to gangrene.Trench feverCaused by lice, flu-like symptoms, high temperature, headache and aching.ShellshockCould lead to a complete mental breakdown, often mistaken for cowardice.ShrapnelBits of metal, caused very serious injuries.GasChlorine, phosgene and mustard. Caused breathing problems.Chain of EvacuationThe system used to transport and treat injured soldiers.RAPRegimental aid post, 200m from frontline, immediate first aid.ADS/MSDAdvanced/main dressing stations, abandoned buildings, field ambulance (part of RAMC) runs them, could deal with 150 injured men. Could keep them there for up to a week. CCSCasualty clearing stations, specialised in operating on critical injuries, near to railroads, triage system in place. Triage SystemWalking wounded those in need of hospital treatment, no chance of recovery. Base HospitalLocated near the coast so soldiers can be transported home, usually continued treatment that had begun at the CCS. Carried out operations.Blighty woundA wound so serious the soldier had to return to Britain.Wound excisionCutting away dead/damaged skin from a wound, closed by stitching.AmputationChopping off a limbCarrel-DakinThis method used a sterilised salt solution to prevent infection.Thomas SplintA splint to stop joints from moving.Plastic surgeryrepairing parts of the body by the transfer of tissue ................
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