Soc213(004) Social Deviance Bogart Test01C 02/13/01



Soc213(004) Social Deviance Bogart Test01C 02/13/01

Part01 : Text (Thio) Items: Old

Ch. 02: Traditional Theories

01. Which of the following is a Strain Theory? A. Differential Identification, B. Differential Association, C. Reintegrative Shaming, D. Social Bond and Self Control, E. none of the above. (pp. 17-22)

02. Merton’s Goal-Means Gap _____. A. discourages individuals from engaging in deviant activities, B. is the absence of social norms, C. encourages success without legitimate means to accomplish this goal, D. is most likely to occur among wealthy indivi duals, E. is a function of the individuals level of education. (p. 18)

03. The adaptation response from placing too much emphasis on the success goal and not enough emphasis on legitimate means is A. Rebellion, B. Retreatism, C. Ritualism, D. Innovation, E. Conformity. (p. 19)

04. “_____ suggests that U.S. Society encourages all classes of people to achieve status while at the same time making it difficult for lower class people to really achieve it.” A. Durkheim, B. Merton, C. Freud, D. Cohen, E. Cloward and Ohlin. (p.19)

05. The delinquent subculture was the topic of which theorist? A.

Durkheim, B. Merton, C. Freud, D. Cohen, E. Cloward and Ohlin. (p.20)

06. Akers’ _____ theory states that people will likely commit a deviant act (1) if they find it more rewarding or satisfying than the other, conventional act, and (2) after they have been exposed to deviant ideas more than to anti deviant ideas. A. situ ated meaning B. self-control C. exchange D. social learning E. specific deterrence (p. 25)

07. Which of the following statements does NOT pertain to differential reinforcement theory? A. The theory is useful for explaining repeated deviance. B. Differential association is the antecedent for differential reinforcement. C. People with different ial association must go through a learning process before they become deviant. D. It is useful for explaining why a person initially commits a deviant act. E. It is derived from psychological theory .(p. 26)

08. In his later publications (1990, 1994), Hirschi maintains that _____ is the most useful concept for explaining deviance. A. lack of attachment to conventional people B. skepticism about the moral validity of social rules C. weak self-control D. mini mal involvement in conventional activities E. commitment to nonconformity (p. 27)

09. Braithwaite posits that the United States can significantly reduce its crime rates by emphasizing _____. A. formal social control B. reintegrative shaming C. operant conditioning D. stigmatization E. disintegrative shaming (p. 28)

10. Hirschi and Braithwaite both associate deviance with _____. A. learned behavior B. lack of social control C. social strain D. illegitimate access E. social conflict (p. 30)

Ch. 03: Modern Theories

11. Symbolic Interactionism A. was first linked to deviance by Thio, B. has no particular fit with labeling theory, C. is disproven by labeling theory, D. has been associated with labeling theory for 30 years, E. none of the above. (p. 34)

12. Labeling Theory focuses on each of these except A. the interaction between the deviant and non-deviant, B. complementary relationship between deviant and non deviant, C. the deviant act or action, D. the consequences of being called deviant, E. thos e that call others deviant. (pp. 34-35)

13. Which of the following would most NOT be labeled as a deviant? A. the poor, B. juvenile delinquents, C. prison guards, D. the mentally ill, E. drug addicts. (p. 35)

14. According to Tannenbaum (1938) the process of ‘IDramatizing the evil II of children’s actions does what? A. shows the children what not to do in the future, B. nothing, as the children think it is funny, C. tempts the children to continue as before, D. is so severe that it causes the children to be emotionally disturbed,

E. branded a delinquent, it turns the children into criminals. (p. 36)

15. According to Lemert (1951) primary deviance A. is a matter of value conflict, B. is a consequence of secondary deviance, C. is continued or repeated deviance, D. defines the career of deviance, E. none of the above. (p. 36)

16. Traditional sociologists and modern sociologists disagree primarily on the issues of _____ and _____. A. positivism; negativism B. theory; action C. dependence; independence D. causation; meaning E. hidden deviance; overt deviance (p. 34)

17. Labeling theory is a version of _____. A. symbolic interactionism B. anomie C. the deterrence doctrine D. exchange theory E. dramaturgical theory (p. 34)

18. Labeling theorists are primarily interested in analyzing the process of becoming a _____ deviant. A. primary B. secondary C. sequential D. traditional E. legitimate (p. 36)

19. Which of the following terms does NOT belong? A. ethnomethodology B. sociology of everyday life C. creative D. existential E. deterministic (p. 38)

20. The terms, phenomenological bracketing and phenomenological reduction, refer to _____.. A. positive consequences B. negative consequences C. situated meanings D. abstract meanings E. theoretic independence (pp. 39-40)

Part 02: Lecture Items - Old

21. According to Kai T. Erikson in his work Wayward Puritans the procedures associated with deviance serve important functions to include all of the following EXCEPT. A. the definition of the identity of the social system, B. the effective control of de viance within the community, C. the mobilization of community resources in defense of its values, D. the actual perpetuation of deviance within the community, E. the integration of the community with respect to social norms.

22. Kingsley Davis and Emile Durkheim most clearly agreed that prostitution A. has a positive social function, B. threatens marriage, C. corrupts society, D. has no effect on modem society, E. is unnecessary in a healthy marriage.

23. According to Erikson, a primary function of deviance is to A. maintain class systems, B. distract persons from other forms of oppression, C. maintain the collective identity of the group or society, D. enlist the moral support of the poor, E. create amusement for the working class.

24. According to Durkheim, a society without crime is A. impossible, B. probably preindustrial, C. a society of saints, D. is a society without inequality, E. possible but not probable.

25. As a functionalist, Kingsley Davis was interested in prostitution because, A. he found the practice common in animals, B. he thought it a good source of revenue for oppressed women, C. it is present in all cultures, D. there were many prostitutes wh ere he grew up, E. there is so much variability in prostitution from society to society.

26. The lecture notes use the metaphor of _____ to characterize Social Disorganization Theory and the interdependence of populations. A. cultural clash, B. intergroup dynamics C. cross-cultural communication, D. cultural group conflict E. the web of lif e.

27. Park: “It is probable that the most deadly and the most demoralizing single instrument of present-day civilization is A. government, B. concentrated wealth, C. the automobile, D. contraception, E. the institution of the family.

28. In The Polish Peasant, what were the two opposing forces necessary for social stability? A. organization and disorganization, B. disorganization and reorganization, C. deviance and morality, D. ethnic diversity and minimal migration, E. none of the above.

29. Park used this metaphor for what he saw as the most problematic elements of society in Chicago:, A. human sewer, B. cesspool of the soul, C. scrap pile of humanity, D. God’s darkest alley, E. human junk.

30. According to Robert Paris and Warren Dunham, all of the following statements would be true EXCEPT _____. A. Zone II is the zone of transition, B. delinquency decreases with distance from the center of the city, C. the highest rate of suicide is foun d in the rooming house Area,

D. hobohemia is found in the manufacturing district (Zone I), E.. working men’s houses are typically found in Zone III.

31. According to the lecture notes, Emile Durkheim believed that human passions must be limited and the regulative force to accomplish this must be _____. A. legal, B. economic, C. political, D. moral (social), E. internalized self control.

32. Emile Durkheim refers to _____ suicide as that which results from the failure of an individual to find a basis for existence (meaning). A. egoistic, B. differential, C. altruistic, D. ritualistic, E. spiritual.

33. In his work, Illegitimate Means, Anomie, and Deviant Behavior, Richard Cloward first proposed consolidating two approaches which included _____ A. Durkheim’s anomie and Kobrin’s delinquency area approaches, B. Sutherland’s differential association a nd Durkheim’s anomie approaches, C. Cloward’s differential access and Merton’s disjunction of goals/means approaches, D. Sutherland’s differential association and Merton’s disjunction of goals/means approaches, E. Durkheim’s anomie and Cloward’s differe ntial access approaches.

34. In his work, The Sociology of the Deviant Act: Anomie Theory and Beyond, Albert Cohen goes beyond the work of _____ to develop the concept of _____. A. Durkheim, differential association, B. Kobrin, social disorganization, C. Merton, strain, D. Shaw & McKay, anomie, E. Sutherland, differential access.

35. By means of what sociological concept does Cloward explain the fact that only some people are given training or “tutelage” as professional thieves? A. differential identification, B. retreatism, C. sub-culture, D. residual deviance, E. self selectio n.

36. According to Donald R. Cressey in his work, Other People’s Money: A Study in the Social Psychology of Embezzlement, a trust violator’s thought process included all of the following EXCEPT _____. A. the idea that his/her problem was unshareable, B. t he idea that it would be difficult to get caught, C. the idea that the act itself was the result of a general irresponsibility for which he/she could not be completely responsible, D. the idea that the act was essentially non-criminal, E. the perception of an opportunity.

37. The basic theme of Sutherland’s propositional statements is A. semantics, B. careers, C. systems, D. learning, E. resistance.

38. Unlike Cohen, Sykes and Matza argued that delinquents tend to A. oppose conventional middle class culture, B. come from upwardly mobile families, C. share common American values, D. know how to engage in delinquent acts without much learning, E. den igrate parental authority.

39. The basic theme of Sutherland’s propositional statements is A. semantics, B. careers, C. systems, D. learning, E. resistance.

40. Sykes and Matza argued that juvenile delinquents probably do subscribe to the values of the broader culture or they would not show a need for A. money, B. definitions favorable to, C. techniques of neutralization, D. ritualism, E. retreatism.

Part 03: New Text (Thio) Items

Ch. 02: Traditional Theories of Deviance

41. The original version of strain theory , the theory of _____, challenged Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of deviant behavior. A. status frustration B. goal-means gap C. differential identification D. differential illegitimate opportunity E. social bond and self-control (p. 17)

42. According to Merton _____, is the most popular mode of adaptation. A. conformity B. innovation C. ritualism D. retreatism E. rebellion (p. 19)

43. According to Cohen _____, drives lower-class youth back to lower-class neighborhoods to set up their own competitive systems. A. differential illegitimate opportunity B. status frustration C. delinquent association

D. differential association E. rei ntegrative shaming (p. 20)

44. Cloward and Olin theorize about a _____ subculture, in which the only requirement for membership is the willingness to enjoy the use of drugs. A. criminal B. rebellious C. conflict D. ritualistic E. retreatist (p. 22)

45. Glaser extended Sutherland’s theory of association to include the element of _____, in which choice of models for the individual occurs. A. rationalization B. contribution C. identification D. manipulation E. reinforcement (p. 24)

46. Behaviorist and operant conditioning theories are the basis for Burgess and Akers’ _____ theory .A. social bond B. status frustration C. differential association D. control E. differential reinforcement (p. 24)

47. According to control theorists, conformity is caused by _____ over the individual. A. social conditions B. deviant acts C. social control D. self-control E. commitment. (p. 27)

48. Hirschi (1969) assumes that we are all endowed with the ability to commit deviant acts. He suggests, however, that most of us do not take advantage of this ability because _____. A. we have self control B. we avoid criminal repercussions C. we posse ss good judgment D. we have a strong bond to society E. we have moral beliefs. (p. 27)

49. One type of shaming is referred to as disintegrative shaming, in which the wrongdoer is _____ A. made to feel guilty B. forgiven C. respected D. accepted by society E. punished. (p. 28)

50. Regardless of the mode of punishment, whether it is severe or swift, it is assumed to achieve two kinds of deterrence: _____ and _____. A. general, specific B. formal, informal C. strong, weak D. more severe, less severe E. certain, uncertain. (p. 2 8)

Ch. 03: Modern Theories of Deviance

51. In defining what deviance is, theorists call on two central ideas in symbolic interactionism, deviance and the interaction between the deviant and the conformists. A. conflict B. labeling C. phenomenological D. control E. none of the above. (p. 34)

52. _____ are less likely to label people as deviant. A. criminals B. judges C. psychiatrists D. the poor E. the rich. (p. 35)

53. _____ theory assumes that all kinds ofpeople, whether deviants or their labelers, are highly subjective in “constructing,” defining, or interpreting deviance, although they may claim to be very objective. A. phenomenological B. conflict C. labeling D. control E. power (p. 38)

54. According to Thio, _____ is the key to deviant reality. A. objectivism B. criticism C. subjectivism D. intention E. none of the above (p. 39).

55. Phenomenologists analyze how their subjects. A. consider not committing any more deviant acts B. plan their deviant acts C. manipulate others D. contemplate suicide E. feel and think about their deviance (p. 40)

56. Two kinds of law, law on the books and law in action, help to explain theory. A. social reality B. legal reality C. power D. Marxist E. feminist (p. 43)

57. Quinney’s conflict theory of criminality calls for political action and _____. A. the development of a revolutionary consciousness B. creation of a ruling class C. maintaining domestic order D. defining criminal behavior E. none of the above. (p. 45 )

58. According to theory , capitalism produces not only property crimes among the unemployed lower-class people; it also causes personal crimes and various other forms of deviance. A. feminist B. power C. Marxist D. labeling E. conflict (p. 46)

59. _____ theorists argue that theories about deviance are meant to apply to both sexes, and assume that what is valid for male behavior is also true for women. A. Marxist B. positivist C. phenomenological D. feminist

E. none of the above (p. 47).

60. According to the power theory , the powerful are more likely to engage in _____. A. armed robbery B. drug trafficking C. acts of prostitution D. petty theft E. corporate crime. (p. 48)

Part 04: New Lecture Items

Lecture 01: Functional Theory

61. The time frame and the circumstances under which Functional Theory evolved in America was _____. A. during the 1940”s after World War II, B. during the 1930’s in the midst of economic depression, C. between 1910 and 1914just before World War I broke out, D. during the 1920’s before Prohibition, E. in the 1950’s during the early years of the Cold War.

62. The punishment of crime according to Durkheim is A. irrelevant to society, B. serves a society well only if it is swift, certain, and severe, C. is effective only in societies based on organic solidarity, D. B and C only, E. often ineffectual and so metimes counterproductive.

63. monogamous family is strong, _____ will be vigorous. A. prostitution, B. crime prevention, C. crime awareness, D. law enforcement, E. homosexuality.

64. Which of the following is a quote from the section on Durkheim’s functionalist view of crime: A. “That which is considered criminal in one context is most unlikely to be considered criminal in another.” B. “It is impossible to differentiate between that which is functional and that which is dysfunctional without reference to the religious norms of a society.” C. “Crime does not exist in the absolutist sense but only as a quality conferred by the community.” D. “Crime is, simply put, the folkways t urned upside down.” E. “Crime, in the last analysis is a social invention of the wealthy and powerful.”

65. Davis attempts to explain the likelihood of prostitution occurring in primitive societies. For Davis, it is a result of A. the social dynamics of law, B. the social dynamics of gender, C. the social dynamics of dominance, D. the social dynamics of s tratification, E. the social dynamics of morality.

Lecture 02: Social Disorganization Theory

66. Thomas & Znaniecki distinguished between: A. urban and rural workers, B. functions and dysfunctions, C. rural and urban delinquents, D. manifest and latent functions, E. personal and social disorganization.

67. Paris and Dunham related mental disorder in particular and deviance in general to the ecological factor of: A. urban zones, B. group dominance, C. cultural lag, D. population size, E. the demographic transition

68. The _____ theorists would be most likely to say that the root cause of deviance is competition. A. labeling, B. social disorganization, C. differential association, D. anomie E. functionalists.

69. If you asked a _____ of the 1920s what to use to combat crime, he might suggest _____. A. humanist, longer prison sentences, B. essentialist, the YMCA, C. social disorganization theorist, public pillories, D. social disorganization theorist, Boy Sco uts, E. differential association theorist, racial segregation.

70. Paris and Dunham related mental disorder in particular and deviance generally to the ecological factor of: A. the demographic transition, B. population size, C. cultural lag, D. urban zones, E. dominance.

Lecture 03: Anomie Theory

71. In Durkheim’s perspective, anomie is most clearly a function of (and therefore a measure of) A. individual passion, B. social forces, C. individual disorganization, D. poverty, E. affluence.

72. In Durkheim’s study of suicide in France, he found the rate highest in the _____ occupational sector. A. agricultural, B. religious, C. medical, D. military , E. business.

73. Merton’s model of anomie, can be described most aptly as an implicit critique of _____ society. A. Soviet, B. American, C. Chinese (Communist), D. Nazi, E. colonial Indian.

74. Merton’s anomie model was/is most aptly criticized (much to his consternation) as implicitly employing A. economic detef11linism, B. a psychological or social psychological level of analysis, C. an modern ethnocentric view of society, D. A & B, E. a ll of the above.

75. In their revision (or correction) of Merton’s anomie theory, Cloward and Ohlin were most influenced by A. Shaw & McKay’s study of gangs in Chicago, B. Durkheim’s earlier study of suicide, C. Paris and Dunham’s study of mental illness, D. Cressey’s s tudy of trust violators, E. Thomas and Znaniecki’s study of teenage pregnancies.

Lecture 04: Differential Association Theory

76. Sutherland and Cressey explicitly object to the limitations of _____ theory and favors _____ theory. A. functional, social disorganization, B. situational, developmental, C. anomie, social disorganization, D. small group, macro-, E. Freudian, symbol ic interaction.

77. It would be most apt to say that Sutherland and Cressey’s 9 propositions in their theory of crime, most clearly and directly emphasize the role of A. social change, B. primary groups, C. structural strain, D. economic factors, E. personal choice.

78. Glaser’s critique/revision of Sutherland and Cressey’s model, most clearly and directly emphasized featured the importance of A. negative learning, B. secondary learning, C. cognitive consistency, D. role models, E. self esteem.

79. The trust violators studied by Cressey area most clearly distinguished by A. the trivial amount of money involved, B. the sense of outrage of the community when caught, C. their respected social status in the community, D. low incidence of the offen se, E. the mental pathology of the typical offender.

80. At the end of many murder mysteries, when the guilty one is exposed, s/he feels obligated to explain their behavior. This would most aptly serve as an example of the key concept of A. Durkheim (on suicide), B. Merton (anomie model), C. Sutherland an d Cressey, D. Glaser, E. Sykes and Matza.

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