With respect to McCracken’s theory of



2020 Prelim 1 Answer KeyQuestion 1: Grader: Wangdaa. Environmental determinism - the environment has a direct impact on the organism (person). This impact is not influenced by cognitive appraisal or individual perception or feelings about the environment. Meaning, symbolism, personal evaluation have not effect on how the environment is impacting the individual. 2b. Research on cats reared in qualitatively different settings (e.g., all vertical or all horizontal stimulation) have altered vision, brain activity, and behaviors. If raised in vertical, they are essentially blind to horizontal stimuli when tested. Rodents raised in settings that are enriched with stimuli such as toys and complex surroundings have altered brain structure and chemistry. Infants raised in orphanages bereft of stimulation exhibit cognitive and social deficits. They also have deficiencies in brain development. 4c. i. these data appear consistent with determinism since the color of the rearing environment when the birds were 3-10 weeks old affects their ability to see red as an adult. If raised in blue light between the ages of 3-10 they have deficient red vision (10%) compared to those at the same age raised in red light. Another way to answer this: overall birds raised in red light have no deficits in seeing red as an adult where only 55% of those adult birds raised in blue can see the color red as an adult. The reason this is deterministic is it seems unlikely that birds make cognitive appraisals/or if they do, unlikely it would alter the pattern of early experiences of environmental color on adult red vision. ii. plasticity The evidence for plasticity is basically the same as for environmental determinism. The adult birds vision was malleable or impacted by the color of the early rearing environment. The environment was capable of altering or changing the organism. iii. critical period Critical period means that the plasticity is age specific. Comparing birds raised in red or blue light from birth to 3 weeks shows no impact on adult red vision. Both have no deficits (100%) whereas if the environmental exposure to color was different when the adult bird was 3-10 weeks, blue creates a deficiency (10% vs. 100%) compared to rearing in red light. 6 d. 10010 100 10Now the impact of the color of the rearing environment is not dependent upon the age at which the bird was exposed to red versus red rearing environment. Whether the bird was exposed from birth to 3 weeks or 3-10 weeks to blue light, the loss of red vision is equivalent (100 vs. 10%). 2e. In the abstract what has to happen here is that the original patterns of data (not necessarily the precise same numbers) showing that a. overall there was an impact of rearing color on red vision as an adult, and b. this impact was dependent upon age of exposure now needs to be altered by some factor indicative of cognitive appraisal.For example: % of adults who can see red for birds with no emotional response to color Rearing EnvironmentAge of Exposure Red Light Blue LightBirth – 3 weeks 100 1003 – 10 weeks 100 10 % of adults who can see red for birds with a strong emotional response to color Rearing EnvironmentAge of Exposure Red Light Blue LightBirth – 3 weeks 100 1003 – 10 weeks 100 0 6In this example adults with a strong emotional response to color have greater deficiency to being raised in a blue light setting. There drop in red vision is from 100 to 0 when exposed during 3- 10 weeks (critical period). Those who do not have an emotional response to color during the critical period, drop from 100 to 10, indicating less of a negative impact of the color of the rearing environment. I still have evidence for a critical period in both tables because the age at which the child was exposed to red or blue light makes a difference in the impact. But I show cognitive appraisal since their emotional response to color alters the strength of the impact of the rearing environment color. 5Question 2.Grader: YoungsooWith respect to McCracken’s theory of homeyness, explain design elements that relate to why each of these four features is not home like.Sub rubrics --- 8 points1Design elements 11Design elements 21Design elements 31Design elements 41Explanation with respect to each component of McCraken’s theory (Element 1)1Explanation with respect to each component of McCraken’s theory (Element 2)1Explanation with respect to each component of McCraken’s theory (Element 3)1Explanation with respect to each component of McCraken’s theory (Element 4)Answer key or example answersHomogeneity in colors, texture, room configurations, lighting, furnishings etc. all lead to lower homeyness since variety is associated with homeyness; few if any semi private or intermediate spaces between private and public lower homeyness. McCracken showed that a hierarchy of space which he called embracing led to more homeyness;Size and scale: Dorms tend to have larger, open spaces with few places to retreat.Diminutive spaces afford homeyness. Absence of mnemonics: Few if any displays or places to offer connections with memories of who is in the space. In a homey setting there are places and spaces where you see reminders of current and past residents. Aesthetics: Natural materials and textures, access to natural light and elements of nature tend to make North Americans feel more at home. Dormitories often have little if any of these aspects of aesthetics. Engaging or a sense of welcome and to enter in and join us tend to be absent from dormitories.For one of these specific physical elements, describe some social identity characteristic that you think would modify the occupant's reactions to this element and explain how these reactions might vary. Use a figure or table and generate some hypothetical data to show evidence of a person x environment interaction. Relate the personal characteristic to research in readings or lectures that would suggest your hypothetical idea is likely to be correct. Describe precisely how that research relates to your example. Sub rubrics --- 6 pointsSocial identity characteristic1Mentioning social identity explicitly1Reasoning for your modification plan with the characteristicFigure1Presenting figure or table with hypothetical data properly1Reasoning of figure or table (Human X Environment interaction)Variable 1 about social identityVariable 2 about environmental factorsDependent variable about human experience or performanceResearch example1Referring research in readings or lectures explicitly1Reasoning on the relationship btw examples and your dataAnswer key or example answers According to our lecture contexts on people’s personality and behaviors, people who are introverted might care less about or respond less negatively to the absence of low levels of engaging compared to an extrovert. Engaging Elements of Dormitory High LowIntrovert 70 70Extrovert 90 50Data show % satisfied with their dormitorySince extroverts compared to introverts seek out more social interaction, they are likely to have more difficulties with privacy since there will be too little social interaction when the dormitory does not support/encourage people to spend time in the space.Using the residence where you lived when you were 16 years old, describe (i). one design element of the residence that worked well for you and/or your family and (ii). one element that did not work so well. Analyze each of these two design elements in terms of one of the following HER processes: environmental stimulation, homeyness, personal space, territoriality, privacy, or defensible space. In your description define the HER process and explain why your example illustrates it. Sub rubrics --- 4 points(i) & (ii) Two design elements of the residence1Describing Element 1 - work well1Describing Element 2 - not work wellAnalyze their HER process 1Mentioning design elements regarding HER process1Analyzing and ReasoningAnswer key or example answersGood element: own bedroomBad element: family room underneath own bedroomMy own room is a good example of having personal territory that I could easily regulate and control who was present. I could also personalize (mark) it to reflect my personal interests, values, and concerns. A personal territory is a space that only you control, own, and identify with. The nearby family room because it was a social space was often noisy. Lack of control over noise or inability to escape from it violates privacy since it created more social information and stimulation than I wanted for activities like studying or sleeping.For the design problem in part 3, write a design guideline about how to improve residential design for your family. See instructions at the top re: what needs to be in a design guideline for exams. For some questions, you are asked to generate a design guideline. A design guideline for the exam needs to include: Succinct and clear behavioral or performance guideline Define the primary HER process your guideline reflectsDescribe in terms of that HER processes, the rationale for the guidelineComment about how people with different social identities might be affected differently by your guideline (note: this is an example of person X environment interaction) or explain why you think the guideline is likely to apply similarly to most people, i.e.., the guideline is likely universal..Draw how to implement the guideline (your sketch needs to make sense; it does not need to be beautiful). Remember there are examples of good student design guideline sketches for Assignment 1 on the course website under Assignment Tab. Remember however Assignment 1 requires additional information for Design Guidelines. For the exams, you only need to address a – e.Sub rubrics --- 7 pointsA. Behavioral / performance guideline1Succinct guideline1Clear guidelineB. Primary HER process1Mentioning HER processC. Rationale 1Reasoning on the relationshipD. Social identities1Mentioning social identity1Reasoning on the relationshipE. Sketch1Succinct and clear sketchAnswer key or example answersDesign guidelineA. residents need to control acoustic and visual information in personal territories such as a bedroom B. privacy refers to the optimization (balance) between achieved and desired social interaction. C. if a bedroom occupant has trouble regulating stimulation like noise or visual exposure, it may be difficult to achieve the right level of stimulation, to optimize privacy D. all cultures appear to have privacy as an important need. However in some cultures the importance of visual and auditory stimulation may vary. For instance Japanese people care deeply about regulating visual access and exposure but are less concerned about auditory information; whereas both visual and acoustic simulation are equally important for German people E. drawing or photo showing a bedroom that is isolated in distance or with good insulation from any nearby social space in the home Question 3 Grader: Gary Evans gwe1a. the sliding doors relate to privacy because they influence visual access and exposure which impact ability to regulate social interaction??? personal space is reflected by the furniture arrangement where you can sit at a personal?? ????distance and either at an angle or straight ahead; high ceiling affords closer interaction (smaller bubble); narrow hallway would make it difficult to pass someone without invading their person space?????????? 6If you said more personal space with sliding doors but did not link to crowding which can increase personal space, no credit. b. culture? I think the absence of acoustic insulation (light, paper thin doors) might be problematic for Germans who rely heavily on acoustic and visual regulation as part of privacy 3c. make the doors and walls more acoustically solid, insulating.? This would likely enhance sense of privacy or information regulation for German people but have little impact for Japanese who value visual information regulation much more than acoustic.??? Some cultures interact more comfortably at smaller distances (smaller personal space zones) than others.? The sitting room is pretty small so if from a culture that prefers larger interpersonal distancing such as North American, there may not be sufficient room to move the furniture far enough apart. Whereas someone from Latin American or Southeast Asia who tend to have closer interpersonal distancing (smaller person space) might not find the room as limiting in terms of affordances for different sitting opportunities.??????????????????????????? 8A common error was describing two design elements and how they linked to one exemplar of the social identity without saying how another exemplar would also be affected.? For example, how better acoustic doors would benefit Germans or other Europeans but didn’t say what this would do for Asian or Latin people.? This was -4. d.i like the opportunities to use different kinds (multiple elements) of lighting.? The brightness, the focus, and even the type (natural, incandescent, and what I assume is led or fluorescent).? The HER process would be lighting which refers to the type and amount of illumination present.???Some other common answers that were given full credit: nature or exchange between inside and outside; temperature or thermalIf you described an element but then linked it to an existing HER process or it could easily be linked, -6. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????8ANSWER KEY QUESTION 4. Grader: JasmineSub Rubrics --- 3pts1Correct use of the term privacy (.5 pt ) and correct relation to the room (.5pt) 1Correct use of the term territoriality (.5 pt ) and correct relation to the room (.5pt) 1Correct use of the term personal space (.5 pt ) and correct relation to the room (.5pt) Example answers Privacy – looks like very difficult to regulate social interaction, especially if you wanted to be alone or with one other personTerritoriality-boundaries between personal territories are absent; little or no opportunity to own, control spaces; few or no options for marking or personalization; too many people sharing same personal territoryPersonal space-high density leads to a lot of personal space invasion, assuming a personal or social relationship with other occupants Sub Rubrics --- 8pts2Correct use of term environmental stimulation, appropriate examples, strong explanation 2Correct use of term privacy, appropriate examples, strong explanation 2Correct use of term territoriality, appropriate examples, strong explanation 2Correct use of term personal space, appropriate examples, strong explanation Example answers environmental stimulation the overall levels of stimulation seem low so I would do things to increase the amount of stimulation such as introducing some variety in color and in the type of beds which are all the same. privacy create barriers between beds and give each person more ability to regulate social interaction such as a door or a windowterritoriality – bedroom should be a personal territory so ideally give each person their own room; another approach would be to provide a different shaped room creating nooks or alcoves or use partitions to demarcate more clearly boundaries of each personal territorypersonal space – make room larger and space out beds further; provide some furniture in addition to beds so that people have more opportunities to change their spacing with one another. Right now everything appears fixed with no opportunities to adjust 8 Sub Rubrics --- 4pts1.5 pts for knowing time dimension for POE and .5 pts for time mention for programming 1Correct definition of POE 1Correct definition of programming 1.5 for relating POE to previous answer and .5 for relating programming Example answers programming is determining the needs of users, the function of spaces prior to design, understanding what is supposed to happen in this space. Also important to think about who the users will be and are their needs universal or are there important individual differences. Post occupancy – after a space or product has been design and in use, evaluating how well it is meeting the user’s needs. In effect, is it working well for those who use it? Both of these relate to part b because they would in the first case, sensitive the designer to what people need this space for and whether subsets of people might respond differently. Programming often explicitly links information to her processes thus alerting the designer to areas s/he needs to consider. In the second case but observing or talking with users of this space, the designer would get feedback about how various aspects of the space are functioning for the occupants. Dissatisfaction or poor performance could reveal insights about some of the ways the design is suboptimal for users. 4 Sub Rubrics --- 10 pts2Specific example of social identities ( male/ female), needs to be specific if not using gender 4Mention of applicable research or class presentation 4Explanation Answer key or example answers males and females: i think regulation of social interaction (privacy) might be more difficult for males who tend to have larger personal space zones. Intrusions on territory might also lead to greater aggression or hostility among males than females. In the readings Hall talks about several species where males respond to territorial threats more aggressively than females. I think the institutional or lack of homeyness would probably bother males and females similarly since all people need to feel their living environment is a home. McCracken emphasizes that culture rather than gender roles or personality appears to shape what design elements create homeyness. I think the low levels of stimulation would probably be experienced similarly by both genders given research covered in class said nothing about individual differences, including gender, suggesting that the impacts were unaffected by cognitive appraisal which might link to gender. No direct evidence per se about gender and stimulation but in the discussion nothing said about heterogeneity of responses to levels or qualities of stimulation. 10 ................
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