Ideologies In Conflict After the Second World War



Social 30-2

Chapter 8 Ideologies in Conflict: The Cold War

Ideologies in Conflict after the Second World War

1. How is a hockey game like a war? _______________________

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2. What is a hot war? _________________________________

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3. What nations opposed each other in the Cold War? ________________________ and ______________________

4. What ideologies conflict with one another? ___________________ and ___________________ p.185

Chapter Issue: To what extent does ideological conflict influence international relations?

Main concepts: Soviet Expansion, Containment, Balance of Power Techniques, Détente and International Agreements

PART ONE: How do competing ideologies create tension in international relations?

The USA and USSR were allied during WWII. Prior to the end of the war the leaders of these nations, along with the leaders of Great Britain met at Yalta in order to determine the fate of the soon to be defeated Germany.

YALTA CONFERENCE p.187

5. The USA and the USSR considered “superpowers” after WW II. Why?

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6. Why would the superpowers be in “direct ideological” conflict? _______________________________________________________________________________________

7. Who were the Big Three? _________, ____________, ______________.

8. What were the two main agreements made at Yalta? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. In what ways did Yalta create tension between the superpowers? _________________________________________________________________________________________

POTSDAM CONFERENCE p.188

The Russians only understand one language - ‘how many armies have you got?’ 

I’m tired of babying the Soviets.

President Truman, writing in 

January 1946  

10. What 5 agreements were between the superpowers at Potsdam? P.188

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11. The United States had anti- communist views by 1945, and they had the ATOMIC BOMB, what effect would this “weapon” have on superpower relations? _______________________________________________________________

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“RED SCARE”

EXPANSIONISM

15. Define “spheres of influence” p.189

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16. What evidence from the map points to the world being split into “two camps’ during the Cold War? ____________________________

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17. Explain why Stalin wanted to control Germany an Eastern Europe? 2 reasons

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CONTAINMENT P. 190

The Soviet Union was adamant that they would never be invaded again!

The USA was ideologically opposed to communism; due to this they created a political and an economic policy to stop the spread of communism and Soviet expansion. This was known as CONTAINMENT…contain communism!!!!

18. How was the USA going to combat the spread of communism without causing a “hot” war? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Explain how the Truman Doctrine planned to stop the spread of communism.

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In June 1947, the American general George Marshall went to Europe. He said every country in Europe was so poor that it was in danger of turning Communist!   Europe was ‘a breeding ground of hate’.

18. What was the Marshall plan?____________________________

19. Why did the USA believe that aid in the form of money was a good way to contain communism in Europe? _______________________________________________________________________________

20. How did the Soviet Union react to this plan? ________________________________________

21. Instead they forced the nations aligned with them to join the Soviet ________________ Plan ?

22. Why would the US offer money to all nations, Democratic or Communistic? __________________

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NOTE: These plans did not really prevented Soviet expansionism; it divided the world into spheres of influences and military alliances. P. 191

23. During the Cold War nations HAD to choose sides:

________________________ and the Soviet sphere of influence, or capitalism and the __________

____________________

24. Define the term alliance – use your memory from grade 11 or use a dictionary – it is not in the book.

Alliance: ______________________________________________________________________

25. List three reasons for joining alliances.

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•

•

26. Explain the importance of each date or military/economic alliance. P.193

Late 1940s:

March 17, 1948:

1949:

1955 Warsaw Pact:

COMECON:

27. Summarize the ideological conflict between The USA and the USSR in terms of their foreign policy goals.

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28. How does the map show that the world was Bi-polar or “two armed camps”? _________________________________________________________________________________________

Social 30-2 Chapter 8 Part 2: In what ways can governments escalate international tension?

There were many methods of conflict used by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. These methods increased tensions and pushed the world to brink of war, yet did not involve DIRECT military aggression between these two superpowers, thus the term COLD WAR.

The first part of this assignment asks you to start reading and introduce yourself to the methods used during the Cold War. You will see how tensions rose to the point of nuclear destruction and then a period of relaxed tensions between nations. Remember, the chapter issue asks you to look at how ideologies clashed and within the 2nd related issue you are asked to investigate how nations rejected liberalism.

1. From the first section of the chapter, what two methods did the superpowers initially use to fight the Cold War? __________________ and ______________________

Vocabulary Building Time! Define each of the terms (each term is a method of interaction between two nations) Be sure you ‘get’ what the word means – look at the examples provided to help you get a picture of the method of interaction. Use figure 8-9 on page 197

EXAMPLE

|Propaganda | |

| | |

|Prestige Race | |

| | |

|Espionage | |

| | |

|Deterrence | |

| | |

|Brinkmanship | |

| | |

|Arms Race | |

| | |

|Space Race | |

| | |

|Defence Systems | |

| | |

|Proxy Wars | |

|Balance of Power | |

Some of the methods of interaction between the superpowers during the Cold War were repeated over and over again from 1945 and 1989.

War of Words: page 196

2. Give some examples of the war of words. _____________________________________________________________________________

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The "Iron Curtain" was the symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term was made up by Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of Great Britain at the end of World War II to show his belief that the peoples of Eastern Europe had no liberty or economic freedom…they were trapped behind an “Iron Curtain” that did not allow any liberals ideas to exist.

3. Use Figure 8-8 on page 196 to answer this question. What was the ‘iron curtain’? _____________________________________________________________________________

4. Who created the term? ______________________

5. How do you think Stalin would react to the term ‘iron curtain’?

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6. Prestige War p.198 – describe how it is NOT a direct battle. ____________________________

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7. Spy Wars: Why was (espionage) spying so important during the Cold War? P.198

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8. Give two examples of spying between the US and the USSR.

a.

b.

Deterrence p. 199

9. Explain how deterrence is used to prevent a ‘hot war’. ________________________________

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10. Define these two terms as it relates to deterrence. P.199

a. MAD:

b. WMD:

Average annual military spending during Cold War by the USA = $298.5 B

11. Interpret the line graph in Figure 8-13. P.200

Which superpower had more weapons? ___________________

Think back to what you learned about communism, if the USA spent almost 300 billion $ per year how could trying to “keep up” this spending cause problems for the economy of the Soviet Union? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

BRINKMANSHIP a way to maintain peace? P.200

12. Define brinkmanship: _________________________________________________________

Case Study of Brinkmanship: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: the leaders of the two superpowers at this time were President Kennedy of the USA and Khrushchev of the USSR

13. Why would the Americans be concerned about Castro’s revolution in Cuba? P. 202 ________________________________________________________________________

The lines on the map above show the range of the Soviet missiles that were based in Cuba in 1962…meaning many cities in the USA were under threat.

14. Based on the map on the previous page, why was Cuba so important to the Americans? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. How did president Kennedy respond to the missile bases being built in Cuba?

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16. How did this affect the tensions between the two powers?

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17. What happened when the Soviet ships neared the US naval blockade of Cuba? ___________________________________________________________________________

18. Why was the world so concerned about this showdown between the superpowers? ___________________________________________________________________________

RESULTS OF THE CRISIS

19. What were two other results from this crisis that we can add to the list below?

• Khrushchev lost prestige – he had failed. Particularly, China broke from Russia

• Kennedy gained prestige. He was seen as the men who faced down the Russians.  

• Both sides had been scared. They were more careful in future. The two leaders set up a telephone ‘hotline’ to talk directly in a crisis.

• In 1963, the powers agreed to a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

• Cuba remained a Communist dictatorship, but America left it alone.

• ________________________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________________________

Proxy Wars p. 203

20. Define Proxy Wars: ________________________________________________________

21. How were the two proxy wars in Southeast Asia examples of the American policy of containment during the Cold War? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

22. Why was the USA successful in Korea but not Vietnam?

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23. Why did the USSR have difficulty in Afghanistan…3 reasons

_________________________, _________________________, ____________________________

Summary from page 206

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Reducing International Tensions p. 207

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