P4.4.1.ExerciseCase - Belle Vernon Area School District
Name __________________________________The Body’s Response to Exercise – 40 Informal & 10 Formal for the TimelineIntroduction BE SURE TO KNOW ALL THE INFO IN THE INTRO FOR THE TEST!In this lesson, you will combine your knowledge of power and movement to explore how the body responds to exercise. How do the body’s resources fuel movement within the body and of the body as a whole? During exercise, nearly every one of your body systems helps divert energy to the muscles and meet the demands of intense activity. The coordination of your systems helps your body return to homeostasis even after miles of running or hours of basketball. ATP is the energy molecule of the body. We know the structure of the molecule and what happens chemically to release energy, but let’s take a deeper look into how our body produces this key resource. Because ATP is so important to the body, there are actually three routes our body uses to assemble this precious resource. The ATP that you have floating around in your system will only provide fuel for a few seconds. Muscle cells contain a high energy molecule called creatine phosphate. The phosphate group on this molecule can be added to ADP to create a supply of ATP. However, creatine phosphate is in short supply. This system, the phosphagen system, will only supply energy to the muscle for another 8-10 seconds. Next, your body turns to glycogen, a polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver. Your cells can use a process called anaerobic respiration (the glycogen – lactic acid system) to make ATP and a byproduct called lactic acid from these glucose molecules. The process is considered anaerobic because oxygen is not required. Without oxygen, however, this process can only give you another 90 seconds worth of energy. Once your heart and lungs get into the game and oxygen makes its way to your cells, glucose can be broken down by the process called aerobic respiration. Although this process proceeds at a slower rate, aerobic respiration produces much more ATP per glucose molecule and allows for sustained physical activity. As long as fuel is present, aerobic respiration will keep you going. Your body systems work together to utilize the body’s resources and provide power to both day-to-day activities and extreme endeavors. In this study, you will analyze what goes on inside the human body during each stage of racing a mile. You will read the story of a runner and relate her body’s response to exercise to action in the human body systems we have discussed thus far. You will create a time line of the race that clearly shows how these systems work together to power the body to the finish as well as restore homeostasis after the race. ProcedurePart I: Read Scenario & Research the biology behind what is happening at each point in the raceRead the description of the race found below.Mary is stretched and ready to go. She had been a member of the high school track team for the past three years, but this is the first time she is competing in the mile. As she sits with her coach before the race, she tries to visualize each step around the track. She is well-rested, well-hydrated and overall pretty calm. Her heart rate monitor reads a steady 68 beats/minute. It is 85 degrees outside, but in the shade her body temp remains a steady 98.6 degrees. As she approaches the start, she takes a look at her competition and does one last stretch of her calves. She gets into position and waits for the starting gun. Her heart rate is now up to 85 beats/minute and her mouth feels incredibly dry. Mary can feel the tension in the air as the competitors wait for their signal.The gun sounds and they are off. Mary sprints off the line. She knows the pace will soon come down so she really pushes herself in this first minute. Her heart rate is now 180 beats/minute. Her muscles are feeling that all-too-familiar burn and her breathing feels fast and forced. Sweat starts to bead on her forehead. If she can keep ahead of the pack, she will soon be able to settle into her race pace.Now at a comfortable pace, Mary feels her heart relax a bit and she is not struggling as hard for breath. Sweat runs down her face. The middle of the race comes and goes and she mentally prepares herself for the push ahead. She’s currently in second place, but she is waiting to make her move. As she heads into the final lap, Mary picks up the pace. Her speed builds as she turns the last corner. Her heart rate is now over 200 beats/minute and she tries to pair her quick breaths with the sound of her shoes on the ground. She can hear her coach in her head. She lengthens her stride and pushes her muscles to the limit. Mary and her competitor are neck and neck – there is no slowing down at this point. One last push and Mary propels herself into first place. She crosses the finish line and slows down, but she keeps moving. She can feel her heart beating in her chest. Her respiratory rate is extremely high, but she still feels like she is not getting enough air. Sweat is pouring out of every pore. Her body temperature is now 101 degrees. She feels a little dizzy, but she keeps moving. She can hear her family and her team cheering in the background.10 minutes later, Mary is starting to feel much better. Her heart rate is down to 80 beats/minute and she is having no trouble breathing. Her body temperature is lower, but still a bit above normal. She is extremely thirsty and she sips water as she stretches. Mary rubs her sore muscles and makes her way to the locker room. She weighs herself when she gets there and finds that she has lost 4 pounds. Starting to feel hungry, Mary gets ready to meet her family for a celebratory meal. Investigate how human body systems work together to get Mary to the finish line. Think about the role the nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, the muscular system, the digestive system, the urinary system and the endocrine system play in preparing the body for intense exercise. Look at the body’s response to exercise at these key points.At the start1 minute into the raceHalfway through the raceAt the finish10 minutes after the raceYou may use the website listed below as well as other reliable sources you might find to research the body’s response to exercise.How Stuff Works: “How Exercise Works” – Dr. Craig C. Freudenrich the following questions to aid you in understanding what happens at each point in the race:AT THE STARTWe have talked about the central and peripheral nervous systems. We know that the peripheral nervous system relays signals to and from the spinal cord. But this system is divided yet again. What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system? How do these systems relate to the three types of muscle?Sensory Nervous System - sends information to the CNS from internal organs or from external stimuli.Motor Nervous System - Controls skeletal muscle as well as external sensory organs (Somatic Nervous System). Controls involuntary muscles, such as smooth and cardiac muscle (Autonomic Nervous System)Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the race? The autonomic nervous system causes the fight or flight response (stay or fun away). When she is about to start the race, Mary feels anxious and is getting pumped up which causes his autonomic nervous system to active. How does the nervous system influence other body systems at the start of the race?As hormones (adrenalin, etc.) are released by the autonomic nervous system, the heart and breathing rate both speed up.What is happening to the digestive and urinary systems at the start of the race? Why? As stress levels from the anticipation of the race rise, Mary starts to sweat which causes changes in the urinary system to conserve water. What is happening to Mary’s blood glucose levels right before the race? Relate this change to energy and ATP. Right before the race, her blood glucose levels rise to help produce energy needed for the workout.Why does her mouth feel dry?Since Mary is sweating because of the heat and anticipation, she is slowly becoming dehydrated. When this happens, the body responds by not producing as much saliva. 1 MINUTE INTO THE RACERunning at a sprint puts new demands on Mary’s body. What are these demands and how are they being met?The respiratory and circulatory systems immediately need to kick into overdrive. Heavy breathing and faster heart rate.Why do Mary’s muscles feel like they are burning? Relate this burn to information about ATP production. Mary is probably running fast enough that her muscles runs out of oxygen and start relying on anaerobic respiration which produces ATP but has lactic acid as a waste product.Why does Mary’s respiratory rate increase as she starts to run? Provide two reasons. As she starts to run most of her muscles starts to speed up the metabolism. As she she runs out of energy and needs to produce energy which requires oxygen to keep running. So the increased need of energy causes her body to starve for oxygen so she has to breathe harder for the oxygen to come in. The Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous system is at work now. After running the race, the parasympathetic nervous system will slow the heart rate, let more oxygen into the lungs and relax the muscles in Mary's body. Lactic Acid is present in the muscles making her muscles feel sore. During the hard exercise, her muscle fibers tore, so her body must grow the muscle fibers back making the muscles stronger.How does Mary’s increase in heart rate relate to cardiac output?As her heart increases the cardiac output increases if the stroke volume remains the same. If she slowly drinks more water, she can restore the electrolytes to her cells and rehydrate her body.How does the nervous system interact with the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to increase the blood flow to the muscles? The nervous system sends a signal through the SA node that causes the right and left atria to contract. The signal then works its way to the ventricles and causes them to contract shortly after. This is how the heart beats. And the nervous system has the ability to speed up that signal so that the heart beats more often. But this will not necessarily provide the body with the oxygen it needs unless respiration increases as well. The brain stem is responsible for sending a signal to the diaphragm that causes it to expand and contract more quickly, which speeds up breathing. This gets oxygen into the bloodstream more quickly, which increases the amount of oxygenated blood getting to the muscles that need it.HALFWAY THROUGH THE RACEWhy does Mary’s body temperature start to increase? What is one of the main by-products of muscle contraction?Halfway through the race, Mary's body temperature rises due to more energy being used up within the muscles. This energy is then released in the form of heat. The muscle contraction used for her movements produces by-products, like lactic acid. The hypothalamus recognizes this rise in temperature and stimulates the sweat glands to sweat. How does sweat work for the body?By sweating, the body is able to cool down. The urinary system balances out this loss of water with what is filtered out of the blood; it doesn't get rid of as much water. She made sure she drank water and was hydrated before the race. This makes sure she doesn't get as dehydrated from sweating and the like.What part of the brain helps stimulate the sweat glands in the skin?Hypothalamus - regulates body temperatureHow does the urinary system deal with the loss of water through sweat? What did Mary do before the race to try to alleviate this conflict?The urinary system conserves more water if a lot is lost through sweat) this causes less urine to be produced. She sat in the shade to help maintain a constant) normal body temperature.Why does Mary feel a bit more comfortable during the middle of the race? Where is she drawing her energy at this point? THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT QUESTION TO KNOW FOR THE TEST!!!Muscles' energy supply... Your muscles' first source of energy is known as Creatine Phosphate. It is stored in Muscles. It can be added to ADP to create a supply of ATP. This energy supply lasts for 8-10 seconds. It is known as the Phosphagen System. Your muscles' second source of energy is Glycogen. This comes from the liver. Cells use anaerobic respiration (without oxygen). This creates ATP and Lactic Acid. This energy supply lasts for 90 seconds. By this time in the middle of the race, Mary would have used up both of these energy supplies. Your muscles' third source of energy is ATP through cellular respiration. By now, oxygen could reach the muscle cells, so it can break down glucose molecules. Cellular respiration requires oxygen, so it is a form of aerobic respiration. Glucose produces more ATP than the other sources of energy. Net: 36 per glucose Because Glucose is easier to break down with oxygen and cellular respiration produces more ATP, Mary feels more comfortable at this point of the race than she did previously. AT THE FINISHWhy does Mary feel dizzy at the end of the race?More blood is being pumped to Mary’s muscles than to her head. She may also be dehydrated.Why is Mary’s heart rate and breathing rate so high even though she has stopped moving? Mary’s heart rate has not come down into recovery mode yet.Why did Mary only sip water at the end of the race? What could happen if she drank water too fast? Sipping water can help decrease the risk for kidney damage. Also, drinking too much water would increase her blood volume therefore increasing her blood pressure. 10 MINUTES AFTER THE RACEWhat division of the autonomic nervous system is at work now? How does this division impact Mary’s other body systems?The parasympathetic nervous system is at work, which is the part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for conserving energy. It does this by decreasing blood pressure and heart rate (circulatory system), beginning digestion by producing saliva (digestive system), and increasing urine production (urinary system.)Explain how Mary could have lost four pounds in such a short period of time. SweatHow will Mary’s actions and her endocrine system work to bring her body back into water balance?Mary was sweating while she ran the race. She lost a lot of the water in her body. This could explain her sudden weight loss.Why do Mary’s muscles still feel so sore?As she starts to run most of her muscles starts to speed up the metabolism. As she she runs out of energy and needs to produce energy which requires oxygen to keep running. So the increased need of energy causes her body to starve for oxygen so she has to breathe harder for the oxygen to come in. The Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous system is at work now. After running the race, the parasympathetic nervous system will slow the heart rate, let more oxygen into the lungs and relax the muscles in Mary's body. Lactic Acid is present in the muscles making her muscles feel sore. During the hard exercise, her muscle fibers tore, so her body must grow the muscle fibers back making the muscles stronger.Part II: Create a TimelineElectronically, create a timeline of the race that shows the role of key body systems along the way and shows connections between systems. Imagine you have been asked by the local physical education department to share your research with middle school and high school athletes and that this timeline serves as your visual aid. This may be done using Power Point, Google Slide, Prezi, etc… The visual aid must be colorful and contain eye catching images.Conclusion QuestionsProvide at least two examples of the opposite effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system. Parasympathetic releases saliva and controls hormones, while sympathetic controls locomotor movement and speaking different languages.Explain how the respiratory and the cardiovascular system work together to meet the demands of the working muscle. The cardiovascular system transports oxygen that the body gets from the respiratory system to the muscles that need it for fuel and energy.Our body sweats to stay cool during exercise. How does this seem to counteract the action of the urinary system? It expels water which the urinary system?functions to balance the water in our body.List and describe at least three things a runner can do before a race to prepare the body for the demands it is about to endure. Carb load- eat well with lots of carbohydrates to get necessary energy.?Stretch- prepare the muscles for exercise and activityWarm up- ?get oxygen going throughout the bodyWhen you set out to jog five miles, your body first uses the ATP that is floating around in your system. Describe the systems that your body relies on for ATP after this point. Your body uses the lactic acid cycle to do glycolysis for a while, then resorts to aerobic respiration to use oxygen to make more ?ATP, which results in an oxygen debt that leads to pain .Which muscle energy system(s) is (are) used for each of the following activities? Make sure to explain your reasoning. The 50 meter dashPrimary ATP. If that is used up, then the lactic acid fermentation kicks inA game of basketball?All three energy systems are used to keep the body going throughout the whole gameA single football playMost likely just ATP in the bloodWeight liftingLactic Acid Fermentation because of the pain and soreness felt laterRunning a marathon?Aerobic because you run for hours on end ................
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