Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior



AP Psychology

Unit 4: Sensation and Perception

Lecture Notes

Part 1 – Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception

Sensation:

Perception:

Types of Processing

Bottom-up processing:

Top-down processing:

Basic Principles of Sensation

Absolute threshold:

Just-noticeable difference (JND):

Weber’s Law:

Subliminal sensation:

Priming:

Higgins et al. (1977)

IV:

DV:

Results:

Bargh & Chartrand (1999)

IV:

DV:

Results:

Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996): Study 1

IV:

DV:

Results:

Study 2:

IV:

DV:

Results:

Strahan et al. (2002)

IVs:

DV:

Results:

Signal detection theory:

| |Reported Signal? |

| |Yes |No |

| |Yes | | |

|Signal | | | |

|Present? | | | |

| |No | | |

Sensory adaptation:

Transduction:

Part 2 – The Senses (and How We Perceive Them)

Vision

Visual sensation:

Amplitude:

Wavelength:

Parts of the eye

Cornea:

Pupil:

Iris:

Lens:

Ciliary muscles:

Retina:

Rods:

Cones:

Fovea:

Optic nerve:

Visual Perception

Inversion of images:

Feature detector neurons:

Parallel vs. serial processing

Parallel:

Serial:

Visual Perception, cont.

Color Vision

2 theories of color vision:

1. Trichromatic theory:

2. Opponent-process theory:

Afterimages:

Color-blindness

Figure:

Ground:

Depth Perception

Visual cliff:

Binocular cues to depth:

Retinal disparity:

Monocular cues to depth:

Relative size:

Interposition:

Relative clarity:

Texture gradient:

Relative height:

Relative motion:

Linear perspective:

Light and shadow:

Motion Perception

Examples of apparent motion:

Stroboscopic effect:

Phi phenomenon:

Perceptual Constancy

Size constancy:

Shape constancy:

Critical period:

Perceptual set:

Schema:

Attention: The Gateway to Awareness

Attention:

Selective attention:

Pop-out:

Change blindness:

Stroop effect:

Hearing

Sound waves

Amplitude:

Wavelength:

Structures of the Ear

Auditory transduction

Cilia:

How do we perceive pitch? 2 theories:

1. Place theory:

2. Frequency theory:

Cocktail party effect:

Deafness

Nerve deafness:

Conduction deafness:

Smell

Herz et al. (2004)

IV:

DV:

Results:

Smell and memory

Evolutionary explanation:

Biological explanation:

Pheromones:

Taste

Taste buds:

Somasthetic Senses

Touch

Pain

Congenital analgesia:

Bottom-up experience of pain:

Top-down experience of pain:

Gate-control theory of pain:

Kinesthetic Sense

Vestibular Sense

Magnetic Sense

Part 3 – Synesthesia

Synesthesia

Grapheme-color synesthesia:

Ideasthesia:

Music-color synesthesia:

Lexical-gustatory synesthesia:

Number-form synesthesia:

Ordinal-linguistic personification:

Why does synesthesia happen?

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