THE TRANSFORMATION OF BLACK SCHOOL EDUCATION IN

THE TRANSFORMATION OF BLACK SCHOOL EDUCATION IN

SOUTH AFRICA, 1950-1994: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Thesis

by

Mafu Solomon Rakometsi

(Magister Artium)

submitted in fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree

PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR

in the Faculty of Humanities

(Department of History)

at the

University of the Free State

BLOEMFONTEIN

Promoter:

Prof. S.L. Barnard

Co-Promoter:

Prof. N.C. de Wet

Bloemfontein

November 2008

ii

DECLARATION

I, Mafu Solomon Rakometsi, affirm that the thesis, The transformation of Black

school education in South Africa, 1950-1994: A historical perspective, for the

degree of PhD in the Department of History, at the University of the Free State,

hereby submitted, has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or

any other university, and that it is my own work in design and execution, and that

all the material contained herein is recognised. I furthermore cede copyright of the

thesis in favour of the University of the Free State.

Signature

:

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..

Date

:

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..

Place

:

¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­..

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Declaration............................................................................................................

ii

Foreword...............................................................................................................

vii

Chapter 1

Introduction............................................................................................................ 1

Chapter 2

Education under apartheid: The reaction of the South African population

to apartheid legislation, 1948 to 1960

2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................

11

2.2 The National Party election victory and control of government......................

12

2.3 The CNE and the laws affecting Black education............................................ 27

2.4 The Eiselen Commission on Black education and its recommendations......... 46

2.5 Bantu Education and reaction to its legislation................................................

59

2.6 Resistance to Bantu Education......................................................................... 81

2.7 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 103

Chapter 3

The homeland system and the extension of apartheid legislation to Coloured

and Indian education

3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................

107

3.2 Political developments in South African in the early 1960s............................

108

3.3 The Tomlinson Commission and the homeland system..................................

113

3.4 Bantu Education for a Bantu economy and the migrant labour system..........

129

3.5 Evaluation of the impact of the Bantu Education system...............................

141

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3.6 The education of the Coloureds and Indians..................................................

154

3.7 Combating subversion among Blacks and the medium of instruction

in Post-Primary Schools¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­.......................................................

165

3.8 Conclusion.....................................................................................................

168

Chapter 4

The 1976 Soweto learners¡¯ uprising, its aftermath and the granting of

¡®independence¡¯ to homelands (1975-1979)

4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................

171

4.2 Background to the 1976 Soweto learners¡¯ uprising......................................

171

4.3 The learners¡¯ uprising of 16 June 1976........................................................

179

4.4 The granting of ¡®independence¡¯ to homelands.............................................

240

4.5 Conclusion....................................................................................................

265

Chapter 5

The period of mass democratic movement and education transformation

(1980-1993)

5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................

269

5.2 The formation of national learner bodies, calls for reforms in education

for Blacks and the 1980 school unrest.........................................................

270

5.3 The De Lange Commission of Enquiry into education...............................

291

5.4 The 1983 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the

formation of extra-parliamentary organisations.........................................

298

5.5 Calls for ¡°liberation first, and education later¡± and the deepening crisis

in education.................................................................................................

311

5.6 The government counteroffensive strategy against opponents of

apartheid......................................................................................................

319

5.7 The National Education Crisis Committee and ¡°People¡¯s Education¡±¡­...

325

5.8 Conclusion..................................................................................................

344

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Chapter 6

The last vestiges of apartheid and segregated education

6.1 Introduction................................................................................................

348

6.2 Corporate intervention in education and training and sanctions against

South Africa ..............................................................................................

350

6.3 In search of teacher unity...........................................................................

365

6.4 The introduction of democratic political reforms in South Africa............

391

6.5 Pressures facing education in the run up to democracy............................

406

6.6 Key principles and values underpinning education in the democratic

South Africa..............................................................................................

416

6.7 Conclusion................................................................................................

422

Chapter 7

Final Critique...................................................................................................

425

Appendices

Appendix 1

Black learners enrolled in Bantu Education schools from

1953 to 1988...........................................................................

Appendix 2

Bantu Education Matriculation pass rates from 1953 to

1960.......................................................................................

Appendix 3

447

448

Drop-out rate in Black schools illustrated by the 1962

learner intake.........................................................................

449

Appendix 4

Inscriptions at the Hector Peterson Memorial site................

450

Appendix 5

Per capita expenditure for different population groups in

education from 1953 to 1983.................................................

Appendix 6

Resolutions taken at the First National Consultative

Conference on the crisis in education¡­................................

Appendix 7

452

453

Resolutions taken at the Second National Consultative

Conference on the crisis in education....................................

460

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