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|[pic] |Main Ideas |

| |1. DURING THE NAPOLEONIC ERA, NAPOLEON CONQUERED VAST TERRITORIES IN EUROPE AND SPREAD REFORMS ACROSS THE |

| |CONTINENT. |

| |2. At the Congress of Vienna, European leaders tried to restore the old monarchies and ensure peace. |

| |3. Inspired by revolutionary ideals in Europe, Latin American colonies began to win their independence. |

|Key Terms and People |

|Napoleon Bonaparte French general who became emperor |

|coup d’état forceful overthrow of a government |

|Klemens von Metternich Austrian prince who led the Congress of Vienna |

|conservatism movement to preserve the old social order and governments |

|liberalism movement for individual rights and liberties |

|Simon Bolívar a leader of South American independence movements |

|Academic Vocabulary |

|opposition the act of opposing or resisting |

|conflict an open clash between two opposing groups |

Section Summary

THE NAPOLEONIC ERA

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE BECAME A HERO IN FRANCE AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. IN 1799 HE TOOK POWER IN A COUP D’ÉTAT, THE FORCEFUL OVERTHROW OF THE GOVERNMENT. WHILE HE WAS EMPEROR, FRANCE CONTROLLED MUCH OF EUROPE. HE IMPROVED THE EDUCATION AND BANKING SYSTEMS. NAPOLEON ISSUED A SET OF LAWS THAT BROUGHT NEW FREEDOMS TO THE FRENCH PEOPLE. BUT HE DID NOT ALLOW OPPOSITION TO HIS RULE.

Napoleon’s rule ended after the British defeated his navy and Russia defeated his armies. European nations worked together to remove him from power. They forced him to leave France. After he returned with a new army, Napoleon was defeated by English forces at the Battle of Waterloo.

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

AT THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, EUROPEAN LEADERS MET TO WRITE A PEACE SETTLEMENT. PRINCE KLEMENS VON METTERNICH OF AUSTRIA LED THE MEETINGS. FRANCE WAS FORCED TO GIVE BACK TERRITORIES CONQUERED BY NAPOLEON. THE SHAPES OF THE COUNTRIES NEAR FRANCE WERE CHANGED TO BALANCE POWER IN EUROPE. THESE CHANGES WERE TO ENSURE THAT NO ONE POWER COULD THREATEN THE REST OF EUROPE.

These leaders opposed the ideals of the French Revolution. They preferred conservatism and the way things had been. They wanted the old system and old rulers to continue. Liberalism, which was built on individual rights, gained strength in the next few decades. Conservatives remained in control, but things had begun to change.

LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

THE IDEALS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SPREAD THROUGH THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA. MANY COLONIES FOUGHT FOR THEIR INDEPENDENCE. IN THE FRENCH COLONY OF HAITI, TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE LED A SLAVE REBELLION. THE RESULT WAS HAITI’S INDEPENDENCE. SIMON BOLÍVAR LED THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA. BY 1831 A DOZEN LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS HAD WON THEIR FREEDOM.

Bolívar tried to build peace on the continent. But the new nations fought over borders. There was also conflict between conservatives and liberals. Conservatives wanted the rich to control the new governments. Liberals wanted the people to vote for leaders. These conflicts caused many governments to be unstable. There were many changes of leaders as the governments rose and fell.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY

CRITICAL THINKING: MAKE INFERENCES WRITE A PARAGRAPH EXPLAINING WHY CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT OFTEN OCCUR AS A RESULT OF CONFLICT.

DIRECTIONS Look at each set of four vocabulary terms. On the line provided, write the letter of the term that does not relate to the others.

1. a. overthrow of government

b. coup d’état

c. conservatism

d. Napoleon Bonaparte

2. a. Klemens von Metternich

b. Simon Bolívar

c. South America

d. revolutionary

3. a. Klemens von Metternich

b. prince of Austria

c. conservatism

d. liberalism

4. a. Latin America

b. Napoleon Bonaparte

c. South America

d. Haiti

5. a. Napoleon Bonaparte

b. Simon Bolívar

c. Klemens von Metternich

d. Latin America

Challenge Activity

Answers will vary. Student speeches should accurately reflect the opinions of revolutionary leaders of the time period chosen.

Fill in the Blank

1. regime

2. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3. English Bill of Rights

4. Declaration of Independence

5. Bastille

6. First Continental Congress

7. Unalienable

8. Articles of Confederation

9. U.S. Constitution

10. Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights

Revolutions and Nations

Section 1

SUMMARY

(First Page) because these laws were issued by Napoleon

(Second Page) to write a peace settlement; because they preferred conservatism; Students should underline one of the following: new nations fought over borders or conflict between liberals and conservatives

Challenge Activity

Student paragraphs should provide a reasonable explanation of why changes in government often occur as a result of conflict.

Vocabulary Terms

1. c

2. a

3. d

4. b

5. d

Section 2

SUMMARY

(First Page) The steam engine allowed ships and trains to deliver goods farther and faster; Students should underline the sentence: Because they provided the money, they did not want the government to control business.

(Second Page) Scientists found ways to prevent and cure diseases; Students should underline the sentence: Even children worked in the factories; a system in which the government or the workers own the businesses

Challenge Activity

Student papers should include their opinion and supporting statements.

Fill in the Blank

1. Laissez-faire

2. socialism

3. factory system

4. Karl Marx

Section 3

SUMMARY

(First Page) Many people in the world were ruled by people from a different culture; Students should underline the sentence: They supported the idea of nation-states, self-governing countries of people with a common culture and background.

(Second Page) by waging war on France; Students should underline the sentence: By controlling other regions of the world, they obtained raw materials for industry and markets for their goods; because the United States did not want European nations to gain control of resources in the Americas.

Challenge Activity

Student paragraphs should include a reasonable explanation, such as the imperialists were providing jobs to the colonies.

Matching

1. c

2. e

3. a

4. b

5. d

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Why do you think the new set of laws was known as the Napoleonic Code?

Why did European leaders oppose the ideals of the French Revolution?

What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna?

Underline one reason that the new governments in Latin America became unstable?

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