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Impact of the Sole-Footing of the Socialist Republic to Philippines’ Military EndeavorsFernandez, Francis Mark A.Santos, Katrina Angeline Dr.ResearchersUniversity of Santo TomasABSTRACTThe relations of the Philippines toward other countries have been crucial in a sense that its modern pronouncement will certainly affect its place in the international arena. Recently, the president of the state renounced its relationship with the United States and announced its withdrawal re: US Special Forces from the Southern Mindanao and vowed to end the annual military exercises. And thus, the aim of this study is to assess the probable countries, particularly Vietnam, which have been surviving single-handedly and its implication to the undertaking of the Philippines vis-à-vis military endeavor and its possible partnership with the said socialist republic. Subsequently, this paper also aims to trace the history of the Philippine-Vietnam relation, and in doing so, provide an overview of what may happen in the future of the Philippines’ international relations. Furthermore, this goal will clearly illustrate why it is important to look into the future and importance of international relations to this country. The entirety of the paper will be comparative in nature as it will compare the history of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of the Philippines through time and will in due course assess the implication of the sole footing of Vietnam and how the Philippines can learn from it as a state. Keywords: International Relations, History, Military EndeavorPhilippines in a Changing TimeMonths after the newly-elected President of the Philippines took his role as the President, the relationship of the Philippines with the United States seems to be going a new chapter as the President Rodrigo Duterte seem to be pushing for a severing of ties with the United States, which later on he claimed to be just a call for a separation of foreign policy with the United States. With the election of President Rodrigo Duterte and his ascension to presidency, the United States and the Philippines’ relations has been put into question as the president shocked everyone when he bid is adieu to the America. With this farewell to the American aid, he also threatened to stop the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) as the Millennium Challenge Corp did not give funding to the Philippines for its programs to combat poverty in the country. While, this may seem as a bold and daring move by the President of the Philippines, it opened discussions as to whether putting a halt to the friendship of the United States and the Philippines is a good idea or a bad one. On the other hand, it must be noted that during the presidency of President Benigno Aquino III, the Philippines signed a strategic partnership contract, being the third accord behind United States and Japan, with Vietnam which includes the exchange of both countries’ in the field of security in order to intensify both country’s military and economic capabilities. The recent state visit of the president of the Philippines, President Rodrigo Duterte to Vietnam has reaffirmed the country’s partnership with Vietnam in terms of mutual defense, maritime cooperation and maritime security, particularly the South China Sea dispute. From what has been said above, it may be said that the relations of the Philippines with the other countries in this transitional time in the political affairs of the country is a vital part of the country’s standing in the international arena. While it may be said that the Philippines is in good relations with Vietnam when it comes to the economic point of view, the military part is yet to be explored. With the new administration taking a decisive step towards the country’s relations with Vietnam, it is important to examine the potentiality of the said friendship forged. With this being said, this paper aims to examine and explore the areas by which the country may improve when it comes to the military defense. In doing so, the researchers present a comparative account of the military footing of Vietnam, while also providing a descriptive case of the roots of friendship between the Philippines and Vietnam to answer why much attention to friendship forged with the said country is a move that may bring more stability to the country while also taking into account the possible consequences of which to the present friends of the Philippines. An OverviewIn Southeast Asia, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located on the eastern most of the Indochinese Peninsula. It is hemmed in by China towards the north, Laos towards the northwest, and Cambodia towards the southwest, and the South China Sea towards the east. Further, the country is of tropical lowlands, hills, and densely forested highlands with level land covering no more than 20 percent of the area. These highlands and mountain plateaus in the north are basically populated and occupied by several of the tribal minority groups.Before World War IIOn July 29, 1941 Japan occupied naval and air bases at Saigon and Tourane, and abruptly after Pearl Harbor, Indochina became much of Japanese occupied territories, identical to any other Southeast Asian countries which were also infested by the Japanese forces. However, in spite of the Japanese control of Vietnam amid the World War II, both the Nationalists and Communists concentrated on building their own different underground insights and guerrilla networks. The Vietnamese League for Independence was established in May 1941. It was in fact an umbrella association under which patriot, communist, laborer, students, and different associations joined together to fight the Japanese, who had taken control of the nation from its colonial overlords, the French. The Vietnamese league for Independence or shortly called the Vietminh were led by two prominent figures in the name of Vo Nguyen Giap and the known Ho Chi Minh. The latter was then imprisoned by the Kuomintang for his affiliation with the Communists and released on 1943 by the Nationalists with the hope and expectation that he would instigate conflict against the Japanese. And thus, with Ho Chi Minh’s ability to learn rapidly and his enthusiasm together with the Vietminh, the Americans were impressed and overwhelmed. In addition, the notion of alliance with Ho Chi Minh has not been thought of as an issue to the Americans even he himself is a communist, since they are also allied to Germany where the acceptance of John Stalin as an ally is prevalent. Furthermore, the United States is also aware that Ho Chi Minh has been a former Nationalist where he has a concentrated fervor to freeing his own country from other foreign countries that are controlling. Moreover, with the known-leader, Ho Chi Minh’s, anti-Japanese resistance fighters helped rescue brought downed American pilots and outfitted data on Japanese strengths in Indochina. On August 10, 1944 the Viet Minh approached the Vietnamese individuals to wage on war and contribute cash to purchase weapons to battle against Japanese occupation. Ho and Giap were at the same time battling the Japanese, while gradually augmenting Vietminh political control over quite a spot of northern Vietnam. And with the all conflicts, Ho's indispensable responsibility was to put together and assemble the Vietminh to seize control in Vietnam after the flight of the Japanese, a point he effectively accomplished. After a number of wars and battles, the Vietnamese communist Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the independence of the Republic from France after the fall and surrender of Japan in World War II. It was more than twenty years of Ho Chi Minh’s longing of an amalgamated communist Vietnam turned into realism. The United States and VietnamBasing it on the historical perspective, the Vietnam army and warfare had their first appearance when the French Indochina was entered by force by the Japanese and soon trounced the French resistance, and thus it became the starting point and avenue for the Socialist Republic to fight in numerous conflicts in the Indochina. Tracing it back, Vietnam’s military power which includes weapons were most likely found in the tombs of the upper-class entities which signifies the existence of wars and other forms of conflicts. Akin to any other Asian countries, Vietnam, as a country, also started with the undersized and frail arms before they upgraded into lethal weaponries. It was during the Hong Bang dynasty when most of these arms were made and discovered as an indication of the Southeast Asian influence. A number of wars occurred in the Vietnam history until the well-known Vietnam War actually happened. With the United States’ massive power, advanced technology, superiority in the air and among others, the question of why there were not able to defeat Vietnam is still and remained as a question. However, before anything else, the start of the Vietnam War or the cause of the war is basically the containment that happened during the Cold war, a war between two super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, which aims to put a stop to the stretch of communism. The US then measured communism, after the World War II in the form of the USSR as the furthermost and extreme rival and post-war peril to their democracy and capitalism. However in reality, the US failed to stop the stretch which led to its spread to Laos and Cambodia in 1975. Notwithstanding the failure, the US involvement has a constructive effect as well as it also helped some other countries in the Southeast Asia such as Singapore and Thailand to stay free from the so-called communism. In a most practical explanation, a loss in war will be considered such if it affects a state such economy, lives of the people and among others which basically only a few happened to the United States. The US had to leave and cut its involvement to South Vietnam as many of the Americans were already losing their lives, and there were around 58,000 of their forces who died and 2,000 went missing during the war. Also, their assistance and undertaking to South Vietnam which they were able to spent more than $120 billion became an economic burden to them which also led to its strike. This phenomenon damaged the economy of the US as a nation as they experienced inflation, oils crisis and skyrocket fuel prices. With that, the US politically failed to defend South Vietnam from North Vietnam which caused the loss of the former in the world map. A Little Bit Further to the Relations of Philippines and VietnamThe bilateral relationship between Vietnam and Philippines has been established since 1976 and until today, are in a steady relationship with the said country. However, the contact between Philippines and Vietnam did not just happen during the said year. The relations between Philippines and Vietnam may be said to have been started many years ago during the pre-colonial period as Vietnam was one of the traders that the Philippines have been involved with, evidence is the existence of ships from the area of the northern part of the Philippines that has its route traced to the Gulf of Tonkin, the port of Vietnam to exchange goods and trade with the PhilippinesIt was in 1858 that Filipinos were sent to Vietnam by the Spanish command to help the French navy that was in the country. When the Vietnamese troops tried to wash away Christianity in their country in 1823, the Vietnamese troops killed some Spanish missionaries that was in the country as an attempt to drive away the French colonizers that were resisting the attacks of the Vietnam by supposedly protecting the Vietnamese Christians in Vietnam. Following this, the French asked the help of the Spanish government and in the event, the Spain gave the Governor-General of the Philippines who was Fernando de Norzagaray to send men to Cochin China. 1,500 Filipino men were ordered to be sent to Cochin China under the command of the French commander-in-chief who was.Rear Admiral Rignault de Genouilly The event that happened between the French versus the Vietnamese were fought by the Spanish and the Filipinos that were recruited by the Spanish in order to help, however, the victory of the French is to be attributed to the Filipinos themselves, who performed well in their services despite of the struggles in the weather, the violence, the animosity by the inhabitants, and the fact that the Filipinos did not gain anything from it. The Vietnam War that happened in the post-world War II was a war that has been played by the colonizers by which Filipino troops were placed in a war on mainland Southeast Asia to fight against a fellow Asian who, during that time, was also in a similar situation with the Filipinos; They were fighting a war against a colonizer who was trying to interfere with the domestic affairs of Vietnam. Operation Brotherhood In 1954, following The Geneva Agreements and after the end of the Vietnam War comes the divide of Vietnam at the 17th Parallel, there was the worsening of the crisis of refugee in Vietnam which caught the attention of Oscar Arellano, the then Philippine Jaycees President, and he took an attempt at humanitarian action in order to help those who are in Vietnam. This is called the Operation Brotherhood which was established in Vietnam, whose members are working beyond what it is that they are assigned to do in order to give assistance and support to those who are in Vietnam. Operation Brotherhood provided relief operations to those who are in the areas of Vietnam who were suffering the consequences of war in the country. Such humanitarian effort done by the Filipinos to the citizens in a neighbouring country has been recognized by different institutions. Following this, the Philippines also provided support in Vietnam by providing technical assistance to South Vietnam which was done under the Philippine Civic Action Group or the PHILCAG V. Philippine Civic Action GroupThe signing of the Republic Act No. 4644 on June 9, 1966 under the administration of President F. E. Marcos provided the making of The Philippine Civic Action Group or PHILCAG V to be put into reality. The aforementioned act provided the authorization of the added technical assistance to South Vietnam as well as economic. It was done by the Philippine government under its Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, by which it was a member, an organization that was organized by the United States that followed the Geneva Agreements of 1954. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was directed by the then President of the United States, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in order to contain aggression of the communists parties in the territories of the Southeast Asia such as Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The civic action in Vietnam was mutually agreed upon by the government of the Philippines and that of Vietnam and it consisted of volunteers, some of which were engineering construction, medical efforts, rural community development teams for socio-economic projects. It is always important to note that when a state goes into a war, the state must always have an entry and exit strategies which the US failed to do when they supported the South Vietnam against the North Vietnam. Furthermore, waging into war for any reason is such a costly enterprise or venture to any country as it would not guarantee anything in return. It would slash the domestic programs for health care, education, and environment and among others. The North Vietnam was able to oust the South Vietnam even that they are allied to one of the strongest nations such as the US. Hence, it is just reasonable, that the Republic of the Philippines, even without the help of the US can stand on its own, especially on its military endeavors. The position of the Philippines in the international arena is a crucial decision in this country’s relations with the neighboring countries. With the changing times in the country’s government, it is important to look beyond what the Philippines has been getting from the friendship that the country has gathered over the years and instead, give focus to what the country can offer to the country such as Vietnam in order to mutually supply both services that may deem satisfactory to the country today.BibliographyAbella, D. (1966). When Filipino Colonial Troops Fought in Vietnamin 1858. Philippine Historical Review Vol. I No. 2 .Addington, L. H. (2000). America's War in Vietnam: A Short Narrative History. JStore , 208.Allan Nawal and the Wires. (2016, December 18). Duterte Says 'Bye-bye America'. Retrieved January 25, 2017, from : , R. (1954). Ho Chi Minh: Disciplined Communist. Foreign Affairs , 86-97.Griffiths, J., Rivers, M., & Boykoff, P. (2016, October 22). Philippines not really severing ties with US, Duterte says. Retrieved January 26, 2017, from CNN : , G. C. (1991). America and Vietnam: The Unending War. Foreign Affairs , 104-119.. (2017). Vietnam War: 1954 SEATO established. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from : , B. (1997). Asian Studies. Quezon City: Asian Center , 57-68.Lucks, D. S. (2014). Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War. JStore , 394.Lunch, W. L., & Sperlich, P. W. (1979). American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam. American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam , 21-44.. (2015, November 18). Philippines, Vietnam sign strategic partnership pact. Retrieved January 26, 2017, from thestandard: , A. (2016, September 30). PH, Vietnam reaffirm maritime, security ties in Duterte visit. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from : , A. S., Yu-San Jose, L. N., Wadi, J. M., Solidum, E. D., Lim, B. O., Yu-Jose, L. N., et al. (1998). Philippine External Relations : A Centennial Vista. Pasay City: Foreign Service Institute.Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. (2012). Operation Brotherhood. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation: , S. T. (1985). Review: Reporting History: Journalists and the Vietnam War. Review in American History , 451-461.Thayer, C. A. (2011). The Tyranny of Geography: Vietnamese Strategies to Constrain China in the South China Sea. JStore , 348-369.Vietnam Business Forum. (2016, July 11). International Cooperation. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry: Vietnam Business Forum: , A. (1989). History, Structure, and Revolution in Vietnam. nternational Political Science Review , 143-157. ................
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