Accomplishments:
APPENDIX x
NCERA 208 “Response to Emerging Threat: Soybean Rust” Combined 2008 State Reports (01/01/08 to 12/31/08)
The state reports from Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado (Legume ipmPIPE Summary), Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Ontario, Canada are below. These reports highlight accomplishments and soybean rust activities undertaken by each state and Ontario in order to meet the NCERA 208 Objectives.
Objective 1. Develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen.
Objective 2. Identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research.
Objective 3. Provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups.
Objective 4. Develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
ALABAMA (Submitted by; Ed Sikora, Auburn University)
Accomplishments for Objective 1.
1) In 2008, soybean rust was detected in 55 counties in Alabama. The highest number of counties ever recorded fro the state.
2) Approximately 35 sentinel plots were monitored for soybean rust within the state. These plots included established plots, overwintering plots, and mobile sites; soybean, kudzu, and other legume crops were monitored. Information from these findings was uploaded onto the USDA PIPE (Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education) website ().
3) The State Specialist contributed to the national and state commentaries.
Accomplishments for Objective 2.
1) Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort. Auburn University contributed both land and expertise to the USDA-effort in evaluating a select set of soybean lines for soybean rust resistance in cooperation with the USDA. Preliminary observations in 2008 indicate a few of there lines have a significant levels of resistance to soybean rust.
2) A detached leaf method is currently being used to screen kudzu isolates collected from various regions of Alabama for resistance to soybean rust.
3) Fungicide efficacy trials have been conducted for the 4th consecutive year in Alabama. Trials focused on determining the most effective fungicides available, demonstrated the importance of application timing, cost effectiveness, and the residual activity of some of these materials.
Accomplishments for Objective 4.
Publications:
Book Chapters:
Sikora, E. and D. Hershman. 2008. Soybean Rust In Review: 2004-2007. in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008.
Schneider, R., E. Sikora, B. Padgett and G. Sciumbato. Managing Late-Season Soybean Diseases and Soybean Rust: A Southern Perspective. in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008.
Peer reviewed journal articles:
Sikora, E. J., D. Delaney, and M. Delaney. 2008. Developing an innovative team approach to address a newly introduced disease of soybeans in the United States. Journal of Extension (in press).
Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings:
Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Asian soybean rust and rarget spot in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC109.
Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Tebuzol to control Asian soybean rust and target spot in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC110.
Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of fungicide spray programs for Asian soybean rust, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC111.
Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Topguard fungicide at various rates for Asian soybean rust management and target spot in Alabama, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC112.
Sikora, E. J., K. S. Lawrence, M. A. Delaney, D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. Evaluation of Topguard fungicide at various rates for Asian soybean rust management in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports Plant Disease Management Reports 2:FC113.
Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence, and M. Pegues. Evaluation of TOPGUARD for control of Asian soybean rust in Alabama. Proceedings of the APS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008.
Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney, M. A. Delaney, K. S. Lawrence, and M. Pegues. Control of Asian soybean rust using sequential fungicide applications. Proceedings of the APS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2008.
Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2008. Evaluation of LEM17, Punch, and Headline for soybean rust management and yield in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease management Reports 2FC052.
Lawrence, K. S., E. J. Sikora, E. J., D. P. Delaney and M. Pegues. 2008. Evaluation of Topsin, Headline, Tebuzol and ACT Plus on soybean rust and yield in Alabama, 2007. Plant Disease management Reports 2FC053.
ARKANSAS (Submitted by: John Rupe, U of Arkansas)
*A forum on soybean rust was held in March on soybean rust
120 producers and consultants attended
Guest speakers, Clayton Hollier, LSU, Scott Isard, Penn State
*27 soybean sentinel plots maintained and monitored
-planted from3 April till 15 May due to wet weather
-maturity groups 3.5 to 6.5
-8 kudzu plots monitored from1 June to present
*Over 1,000 samples processed in 2008
*SBR first found on 8 September in southeast Arkansas (Ashley, Drew, and Desha counties)
By the end of the season
SBR was found on soybean in 34 counties across Arkansas
SBR found on kudzu in eight counties
Incidence and severity remained low
No yield loss
*This year the weather was wetter and slightly cooler than normal
*Approximately 1% of the soybean acreage in Arkansas has been treated with foliar fungicide
COLORADO AND LEGUME ipmPIPE SUMMARY (Submitted by: Howard Schwartz, Colorado State Univeristy)
The goal of the sentinel plot component of the NCERA208 Project and National Legume Risk Management Tool Development Project (PIPE) is to provide useful information for legume pest management through a national network of plots that are monitored for legume pests with an emphasis upon soybean rust (SBR). All states in the network monitored plots during the growing season, and some southern states also monitored “early sentinels” to determine overwintering success of SBR. Non-soybean hosts including other legumes (e.g., common bean, lima bean, lentil, chickpea, field pea) and kudzu were planted in sentinel plots. Each sentinel plot was monitored over the course of the growing season for approximately 12 weeks. Colorado State University coordinated the network of sentinel plots (5 to 8 in each state, and fewer in each province) located in the western U.S. (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming) and Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Sasketchewan); and South Dakota State University coordinated the network of 15 eastern states. The Arizona specialist also established 5 dry bean monitoring plots with a colleague in the Sonora, Mexico region. The State/Provincial Coordinator: (1) confirmed involvement of local cooperators and provided diagnostic training; (2) established linkage with the State Diagnostician (National Plant Diagnostic Network contact) to share primary pest information on Soybean Rust generated by the Sentinel Plot and/or other activities during the season; and (3) established linkage with the USDA/CSREES Soybean Rust Web Site and protocol to access resources and upload weekly survey data that was then made available to the public at .
During 2008, the western network of more than 35 Sentinel Plot specialists and observers monitored nearly 70 legume (primarily common bean or Phaseolus vulgaris) plots in the western region of North America from May to September for SBR. There were no suspicious samples of soybean rust detected in any Sentinel Plot or commercial field of legume in the western region during 2008. Monitoring on legume crops was expanded during 2008 with the addition of other priority legume diseases and pests such as white mold, common bacterial blight, Ascochyta leaf spot (of chickpea and lentil), viruses, Mexican bean beetle and soybean bean aphids. More outreach efforts were made available by providing public access to the Legume ipmPIPE at
Impact
Monitoring of Sentinel Plots in western states and provinces of North America did not detect any suspicious outbreak of soybean rust on legume crops that included soybean, common bean, chickpea, lentils and field pea during 2008. This contributed valuable information to the national program involved with monitoring the outbreak and movement of the fungus in southeastern and now Midwestern states. Timely reporting in the west also allowed pest management specialists to advise crop consultants and growers regarding disease status and threat. As a result, 225,000 acres of common bean grown in Colorado (75,000 acres), Idaho (75,000 acres), Oregon (10,000 acres), Washington (30,000 acres) and other western states (35,000 acres) were not sprayed needlessly with a preventive fungicide which provided economic benefits to growers and reduced chemical exposure to the environment and food supply.
Publications and Outreach
Langham, M.A.C., Tolin, S.A., Sutula, C., Schwartz, H., Wisler, G., Karasev, A., Hershman, D., Giesler, L., Golod, J., Ratcliffe, S.T., and Cardwell, K.F. 2008. Legume PIPE – A new tool for disease management in legumes. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:60-61.
Schwartz, H. F. and Langham, M.A.C. 2008. PIPE – Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education. Ann. Rept. Bean Improv. Coop. 51:4-5.
10 extension talks on soybean rust management and the legume disease monitoring project were presented to more than 600 legume growers and crop consultants in Colorado. An article was also published in a regional newsletter, Colorado Bean News (Vol. 21, Issue 1) @ cbn, circulated to nearly 2000 readers in Colorado and surrounding production regions. The Western IPM Center June 2008 Newsletter included an illustrated article of the Legume ipmPIPE program and objectives as well.
DELAWARE (Submitted by Bob Mulrooney, Nancy Gregory, Joanne Whalen, U of Delaware)
Sentinel Sites
Seven soybean sentinel plots were established throughout the state during early June. These sentinel plots were part of the ipmPIPE and funded through USDA/APHIS/ RMA. Two sites were established in New Castle and Kent Counties and three sites in Sussex County.
Survey Activities
All sentinel plots were surveyed once per week from July 15 through October 23. One hundred leaflets were taken from each sentinel site once flowering began. These leaflets (700 total/week) were brought to the Delaware Dept. of Agriculture Lab in Dover, DE incubated for 5 days and examined under a microscope for soybean rust pustules. The technician was employed by the University of Delaware and used the DDA lab. This year's sentinel sites were planted with both a group IV (SS RT4440N) as well as a late maturing Group VII variety (USG 7732NRR). The group VII variety provided green plant tissue until frost. The Group IV variety was sampled until the leaves began to drop then the Group VII variety was sampled until frost. Two kudzu patches were found late in the season and surveyed on November 3.
Delaware Lab Detection Efforts for Soybean Rust
Soybean rust was discovered in one of our sentinel plots near Selbyville. The sentinel plot was a late-planted Group VII soybean deliberately chosen to provide green susceptible plant material until frost. As it turns out the site is actually right across the state line in Worchester County, MD. The samples were collected on October 23 and incubated until October 28th when they were examined by Debbie Parrish working out of the DDA lab in Dover. She found a single pustule soon after examining the first few leaves. The rest of the sample and the pustule that was found were brought to Newark by Randy Ciurlino from the DDA. Nancy and I checked the rest of the sample and the single pustule that Debbie found and no other pustules were found. With the pictures that Nancy took of the pustule and other fungal structures including the spores that were present, the identification was confirmed by Dr. Mary Palm at USDA APHIS/PPQ as Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of soybean rust. This is the first report of soybean rust in Maryland.
Aprroximately 15 additional soybean samples were examined for soybean rust during the growing season and were all negative.
Extension Outreach
A soybean rust update was included in our weekly crop newsletter (24 issues) aptly named “ Weekly Crop Update”. This is emailed and posted to the web as well as mailed to subscribers. Information from the ipmPIPE website along with our local sentinel plot information were included in the update.
At a county field meeting in mid-August participants (30) were informed of the ipmPIPE activities and the latest information and literature on SBR were provided to all.
FLORIDA (Submitted by: Jim Marois, U of Florida)
Objective 1. Develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen;
Over 50 kudzu and soybean sentinel plots were monitored throughout the season. Initially more plots became positive earlier in the season, probably due to more rainfall than past years. New host included common snap bean (for North America) and coral bean (Erythrina herbacea). Kudzu once again was found to ba a major overwintering host for the pathogen in Florida.
Objective 2. Identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research;
Over 200 fungicide trials were conducted in Florida. Disease pressure was high and yield effects are expected in the trials. Again, the triazols did an excellent job at controlling disease if applied very early or before the epidemic began. The stobilurines did a very god job as well.
Objective 3. Provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups;
We conducted 2 1.5 day rust classes for a total of over 150 participants and hosted a 1 day visit from over 80 southern soybean breeders.
Objective 4. Develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
Impacts:
Although disease pressure was high, no growers suffered significant yield loss that we are aware of, with most closely following our recommended management guidelines.
C) Publications:
i. Peer reviewed journal articles:
Jurick, W. M., II1, Narvaez, D. F., Brennan, M. M., Harmon, C. L., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., and. Harmon, P. F. 2008. Winter Survival of the Soybean Rust Pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in Florida. Plant Disease. In Press
Lynch, T. N., Steinlage, T. A., Miles, M., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L.; Hartman, G. L. 2008. New legume hosts infected by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Florida. Plant Health Progress. In Press.
Gevens, A. J., Nequi, N., Vitoreli, A., Marois, J. J., Wright, D. L., Harmon, C. L., and Harmon, P. F. 2008. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Erythrina herbacea (Coral Bean). Plant Disease 92:1472.
ii. Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings:
Harmon, P. F., Jurick, W. M., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. Survival of the soybean rust pathogen in kudzu vine is Florida, USA. Journal of Plant Pathology 90: S2.161.
Dufault, N. S., Isard, S. A., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. The removal of Phakopsora pachyrhizi urediniospores from soybean leaves by rainfall. Phytopathology 98:S48.
iii. Extension:
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Cheminova fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC091.
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Valent fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC090.
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Cerexagri fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC089.
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of Dow fungicides for the management of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC088.
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC087.
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of chlorine and other nutrients for the control of soybean rust at the NFREC, Quincy, FL, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC002.
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of BTN+ for the control of soybean rust, Quincy, FL, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC037
Mueller, T. A., Miles, M.R., Hartman, G.L., O'Brien, G. K., Marois, J. J., and Wright, D. L. 2008. Evaluations of fungicides and fungicide timing for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC086.
Mueller, T. A., O'Brien, G. K., Wright, D. L., and Marois, J. J. 2008. Evaluation of fungicides and adjuvants for the control of soybean rust in northwest Florida, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:FC085
GEORGIA (Submitted by: Robert C. Kemerait, Jr., and Daniel Phillips, The University of Georgia
Asian Soybean Rust in Georgia
In 2008 soybean was planted on approximately 430,000 acres in Georgia and the average state yield is expected to be approximately 30 bu/A (source: ). Asian soybean rust, first detected in Georgia in 2004, remains a potential threat to growers across the state. Where Asian soybean rust has occurred in field trials from previous seasons, yields can be increased by as much as 50% where fungicides are applied versus untreated controls. In some trials, growers would have lost as much as 25 bu/A had they failed to treat their crop with fungicide.
Effective management of Asian soybean rust requires producers to make timely applications of fungicides before the disease becomes established in the field. Asian soybean rust can be an “explosive disease” and if not detected and treated early enough, can become unmanageable before the grower may even be aware that the disease is present in the field. However, should growers apply the fungicide too early, the efficacy of the product may be lost before disease reaches the field, or may not be necessary at all. Fungicide applications that are initiated to early will result in unnecessary expense for the growers.
The primary objectives of my work with Asian soybean rust have been to 1) provide growers with an “early warnings” through the USDA Sentinel Plot Monitoring Program to document the spread of rust so that they can react appropriately with fungicide sprays and 2) to document the final spread of Asian soybean rust across the state in 2008 for planning for the 2009 season by growers.
Response
Monitoring of kudzu patches infested with Asian soybean rust was continued over the 2007-2008 winter months. Although Asian soybean rust successfully survived into 2008, extremely low temperatures (mid-20’s) in January and February effectively killed all known “green” kudzu in Georgia. Therefore, it is believed that Asian soybean rust found in Georgia in this year’s soybean field season was introduced from elsewhere.
In 2008, soybean and kudzu sentinel plots were established in Georgia to monitor the spread of Asian soybean rust into the state. The soybean sentinel plots (15 total) were typically planted to three different varieties (MG IV, MG VI, and MG VII) in April and monitored weekly between May and November. These sentinel plots were strategically located throughout the soybean production regions in the state. Kudzu sentinel plots (9 total) were also monitored weekly over the same period. In addition to sentinel plots, various kudzu patches around the state (a minimum of 76) and commercial soybean fields (at least 26) were sampled by the local Extension faculty/county agents and submitted for analysis by our soybean rust diagnosticians in Tifton.
Results from the sentinel plots and samples submitted by county agents were immediately documented on the USDA Soybean Rust Sentinel Plot Monitoring Program at . Also, agents in counties producing soybeans across the state were notified via e-mail for every first-find of Asian soybean rust in a county. Agents were also notified when new soybean rust finds were identified in their county. County agents then used a variety of means to contact growers in their area.
For the Asian soybean rust monitoring program, my program employed two diagnosticians and four scouts. The scouts were responsible for collecting leaf samples from sentinel plots on a weekly basis.
Outcome
As of 12 November 2008, Asian soybean rust had been identified in 56 counties in Georgia and was likely spread over the entire state. It is estimated that the vast majority of the soybean acreage along the Coastal Plain of Georgia was treated with fungicides. Most growers who applied fungicides for the management of Asian soybean rust did so upon recommendations from county agents. These recommendations were based largely on the detection of soybean rust through the sentinel plot monitoring program. Significant yield losses were predicted for only a few fields in southern Georgia (e.g. Grady and Lowndes Counties) where growers did not treat their crop with fungicides despite recommendations from county agents.
Despite the widespread occurrence of Asian soybean rust in Georgia in 2008, the actual severity of the disease was fairly low outside of the southern Coastal Plain. It appears that extremely dry weather in some areas of the state, e.g. northwestern Georgia and in eastern Georgia around Burke County lead to a slow spread and development of the disease. Also, it is believed that widespread use of fungicides played an important role in reducing the amount of inoculum (spores) in the immediate production areas.
Impact and Future
Based upon results from this Extension Program at the University of Georgia to monitor the spread of Asian soybean rust in 2008, growers were given ample time to treat their soybean crop with fungicides if necessary and also to delay fungicide applications if the threat of rust was minimal. Additionally, the survey effort has documented that Asian soybean rust can and will occur across the entire state, even in a relatively dry year. Hence, Asian soybean rust must continue to be of interest and concern for all soybean producers as they make plans for their future soybean crops. The current monitoring program provides an effective means for managing this disease in Georgia.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mr. David Spradlin for his efforts to plant the soybean sentinel plots. We are appreciative of the efforts of many county agents to send soybean samples and kudzu samples for analysis. Finally, we are grateful to the USDA-CREES and the Georgia Commodity Commission for Soybeans for their financial support of this program.
ILLINOIS (Submitted by: Carl A. Bradley (U of Illinois) and Glen Hartman, USDA-ARS, University of Illinois)
Illinois Accomplishments for Objective 1
Sentinel plot and mobile monitoring. Illinois had 40 sentinel plots throughout the state in 2008. Within this system, extension and research personnel from the University of Illinois, research personnel from the USDA-ARS, and research personnel from Southern Illinois University collaborated to monitor these plots for soybean rust. Data from the sentinel plots were uploaded into the IPM PIPE system, and state commentary was made on the IPM PIPE website on a weekly basis during the growing season. Mobile scouting late in the season by university and industry personnel in the state helped in finding soybean rust in five counties in October, 2008 (Jackson, Madison, Marshall, McLean, and Union Counties).
Spore trapping. Spore trapping efforts using passive traps and rainwater-filtering traps were placed in FL, IL, IO, LA, OH, SC; visual on microscope slides and PCR were used to confirm the presence of P. pachyrhizi in these collections. Data from the spore collectors was compared to data in the field plots next to the spore traps.
Host range. P. pachyrhizi is currently reported to occur on approximately 150 species in 53 genera of the legume family Fabaceae. The host species all belong to a monophyletic group within the Papilionoideae subfamily. Approximately 120 of the known hosts of P. pachyrhizi grow in North America and may play a role in the epidemiology of the disease as overwintering hosts or sources of inoculum to soybean. Additional field research in native habits of these hosts is needed to determine their extent of harboring P. pachyrhizi.
Illinois Accomplishments for Objective 2
Host resistance. Screening and breeding for resistance to soybean rust is an on-going effort. A select set of Plant Introduction (PI) lines were sent to numerous cooperators in the Southern USA and Paraguay (USDA-ARS, IL, AL, FL, GA, LA); a few of these entries appear to have high levels of resistance.
Pathogen collection. A collection of isolates from 2006 to 2008 has been purified and maintained at the National Soybean Research Center. These isolates have been used for screening germplasm and segregating populations, and have been used for molecular characterization of the pathogen based on SSR markers.
Illinois Accomplishments for Objective 3
The NCERA 208 annual meeting held at Louisville, Kentucky in December 2007 allowed individuals from USDA and Land Grant Universities to exchange information concerning soybean rust. A major focus of the meeting was to continue the cooperation among agencies dealing with this disease. The group discussed how to show the impact of the international soybean rust effort and how to use this information to obtain future funding. Members of NCERA 208 participated in the development of the 3rd American Phytopathological Society Soybean Rust Symposium held in Louisville immediately following the conclusion of the NCERA-208 meeting. Industry, Land Grant and Public Universities, USDA, International Organizations, and Commodity Groups were all represented and were able to exchange ideas and discuss research data presented at this meeting.
Illinois Accomplishments for Objective 4
A new chapter on fungicide resistance management was written and included in the 2008 version of the publication, “Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust”. A publication was developed in cooperation from authors from Iowa State University titled, “Soybean Rust Management with Foliar Fungicides”.
Publications:
Peer reviewed journal articles:
Hartman, G. L., and Haudenshield, J. S. 2008. Movement of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) urediniospores by non-conventional means. European Journal of Plant Pathology DOI 10.1007/s10658-008-9352-8.
Miles, M. R., Morel, W., Ray, J. D., Smith, J. R., Frederick, R. D., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Adult plant evaluation of soybean accessions for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in the field and greenhouse in Paraguay. Plant Disease 92:96-105.
Slaminko, T. L., Miles, M. R., Frederick, R. D., Bonde, M. R., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. New legume hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi based on greenhouse evaluations. Plant Disease 92:767-771.
Slaminko, T. L., Miles, M. R., Marios, J. J., Wright, D. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Hosts of Phakopsora pachyrhizi identified in field evaluations in Florida. Plant Health Progress (in press).
Twizeyimana, M., Ojiambo, P. S., Ikotun, T., Ladipo, J. L., Hartman, G. L., and Bandyopadhyay, R. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Nigeria. Plant Disease 92:947-952.
Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings:
Chang, S., Steinlage, T. A., Hymowitz, T., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Characterizing soybean rust resistance in Glycine tomentella. Phytopathology 98:S34.
Haudenshield, J. S., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Synthetic internal control sequences to increase negative call veracity in multiplexed, quantitative PCR assays for Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Phytopathology 98:S66.
Padmanaban, A., Chang, S., Rosales-Mendoza, S., Hartman, G. L., Korban, S. S., and Ghabrial, S. 2008. Virus-induced gene silencing of soybean rust resistance genes in Glycine tomentella. Phytopathology 98:S119.
Paul, C., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Evaluation of sources of soybean rust resistance using detached leaves. Phytopathology 98:S123.
Slaminko, T. L., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Host range of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of soybean rust. Phytopathology 98:S147.
Walker, D. R., Nelson, R. L., Hartman, G. L., Blair, B., Moore, S., Schneider, R. W., Shipe, E., Mueller, J., and Boerma, R. H. 2008. Identification and characterization of soybean rust resistance in plant introductions from the USDA’s soybean germplasm collection. Phytopathology 98:S195.
Walker, D. R., Nelson, R. L., Hartman, G. L., Buckley, B. J., Moore, S. H., Schneider, R. W., Weaver, D. B., Shipe, E. R., Mueller, J. D., and Boerma, R. H. 2008. Evaluation of soybean germplasm accessions for resistance to soybean rust in the southeastern United States and efforts to develop rust-resistant lines. Int Crop Sci Conf.
Extension Publications and Presentations:
Bradley, C. A. 2008. Foliar fungicides for soybean and corn. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension Crop Management Conferences conducted at Rend Lake, Springfield, and Malta, IL, January and February 2008.
Bradley, C. A. 2008. Disease management of soybean and corn diseases. Presentation at FS Growmark Training Meeting, Tuscola, IL, February 2008.
Bradley, C. A. 2008. Foliar fungicides for soybean, corn, and wheat. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension, Montgomery and Macoupin Counties Agronomy Day. Litchfield, IL, February 2008.
Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean and corn disease management with foliar fungicides. Presentation at University of Illinois Extension, Ford and Iroquois Agronomy Day. Buckley, IL, February 2008.
Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean Rust in the United States. Presentation at Muscatine Junior College, Muscatine, IA, July 2008.
Bradley, C. A. 2008. Soybean Rust Update and Outlook. University of Illinois Extension. Shabbona, IL, July 2008.
Bradley, C. A. and Tedford, E. Foliar fungicides for disease management in soybean. Online Webinar hosted by DTN. June 2008.
Bradley, C. A. 2008. Fungicide resistance management in soybean. Pages 57-60 in: Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. A. E. Dorrance, M. A. Draper, and D. E. Hershman, eds. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Hartman, G. L. 2008. Resistance genes to fight against soybean diseases and pests. Agronomy Day. University of Illinois.
Haudenshield, J. S., Smith, D. A., Twizeyimana, M., Slaminko, T. L., Steinlage, T. A., and Hartman, G. L. 2008. Sampling and analysis of Phakopsora pachyrhizi: Spanning the globe and twelve decades. Presented at the Illinois Soybean Association Soy Symposium, March 2008.
Mueller, D. S. and Bradley, C. A. 2008. Field crop fungicides for the North Central United States. North Central Integrated Pest Management Center Educational Monograph.
Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A., Pederson, P., and Bradley, C. 2008. Soybean rust management with foliar fungicides. IPM PIPE Educational Circular.
INDIANA (Submitted by Kirsten Wise, Purdue University)
Accomplishments:
A total of 20 sentinel plots were established throughout Indiana in 2008. These plots included 17 soybean plots and 3 kudzu plots. Locations were sampled and examined weekly for presence of soybean rust. Additional mobile scouting has occurred in September and October as sentinel plots mature. As of October 8th, 2008, soybean rust has not been detected in Indiana. All data collected from sentinel plot samples is uploaded to the UDSA PIPE website to aid in development of epidemiological models.
Foliar fungicide trials were also conducted in 2008 to determine fungicide efficacy on other common soybean diseases under Indiana growing conditions. Results of these trials will be published as PDMR reports in 2009.
Impact:
A variety of methods have been utilized to educate and inform Indiana growers about movement, development and risk of soybean rust in 2008. Weekly to bi-weekly updates on the development of soybean rust are posted on the Purdue Plant and Pest Diagnostic laboratory website (), and also recorded on a toll-free hotline. The hotline is operational from June through October.
Additional updates and articles on soybean rust risk and development are published throughout the growing season in the Purdue Pest and Crop Newsletter (), and posted on the Purdue Agronomy Chat ‘n Chew Café website ().
Soybean rust was also discussed in over 30 extension meetings and field days throughout the state in 2008. These meetings were attended by approximately 2,500 people.
IOWA (Submitted by: XB Yang, Iowa State University)
People working on soybean rust at ISU
Dr. XB Yang, Professor, soybean rust expidemiology and extension
Dr. Forrest Nutter, Professor, soybean rust modeling.
Dr. Alison Robertson, Assistant Professor, soybean rust extension
Dr. Daren Mueller, Extension Specialist, soybean rust extension
Dr. Greg Tylka, Professor, soybean rust extension
Dr. Steve Whitham, Associate Professor, resistance on molecular level
Dr. Thomas Baum, Professor, resistance on molecular level
Dr. Leanor Leandro, Assistant Professor, biology of soybean rust
Accomplishments and Impact Statement
Iowa Sentinel Plots
Coordinators: X.B. Yang, Daren Mueller and John Kennicker - There were 20 sentinel plot locations in Iowa during 2008. ISU Research Farm crews, ISU Field Agronomists and county extension educators collected leaves from these plots and sent them to the ISU Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic, where they were processed. A total of 265 samples were processed in 2008.
Diseases like brown spot, downy mildew and Cercospora leaf blight were commonly reported, sometimes at very high levels. Other diseases that were seen in sentinel plots were SDS, bacterial blight, bacterial pustule and frogeye leaf spot. Data from scouting these plots were uploaded onto .
Research Activities
• Monitoring Aerial Transport of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Spores: Leanor Leandro and Daren Mueller - We were part of a 6-state project that evaluated the following: 1) Compare spore trap data and disease development; (2) evaluate spore trap data for modeling and disease forecasting; 3) test different spore traps for effectiveness.
• Seasonal disease forecasting: X.B. Yang
• Determine light effects on the occurrence of soybean rust: X. B. Yang
• Connectivity and dispersal of soybean rust: X. B. Yang
• Molecular Characterization of Soybean Rust: Steve Whitham and Thomas Baum
Publications
Referred paper
Li, X., Engelbrecht, C. J., Mueller, D. S., and Yang, X. B. 2008. First report of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Iowa and its statewide occurrence. Plant Disease
Extension Activities
• Several articles on soybean rust and fungicide use on soybean in Iowa State University’s ICM News ()
• Updated approximately 550 people on soybean rust weekly from March – October (~25 reports) through a listserv.
• Packaged all soybean rust publications into a “Resource Kit” and mailed to approximately 800 extension and agribusiness personnel. In the “Resource Kit” was a survey that included questions on ISU and national extension efforts, ipmPIPE and fungicide use on soybean.
• Re-designed, updated, and maintained ISU soybean rust web site ()
• Distributed weekly soybean rust update and regional forecasts during the growing season
Extension Publications:
Mueller, D. S. and Bradley, C. A. Fungicides for Field Crops in the North Central Region, North Central IPM. 2008.
Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A. E., Pedersen, P. P., and Bradley, C. A. Soybean Rust Management with Foliar Fungicides, North Central IPM. April 2008.
Mueller, D. S., Robertson, A. E., and Tylka, G. L. Common Soybean Leaf Diseases and Soybean Rust - updated. Iowa State University Extension: PM 1989. February 2008
Mueller, D. S., Tylka, G. L., Engelbrecht, C., and Jesse, L. Submitting Soybean Samples to the Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic. Iowa State University Extension: PM 2054. April 2008
Presentations:
Li, X. and Yang, X. B. 2007. Analysis of the occurrence and the western pathway of soybean rust in 2007. 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Dec 2007. Louisville, Kentucky.
Pan, Z. T., Xue, L., Li, X., and Yang, X. B. 2007. Medium-range forecasts of soybean rust spore dispersal in 2007. 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Dec 2007. Louisville, Kentucky.
Li, X. and Yang, X. B. 2007. Assessing effects of temperatures on occurrence of Asian soybean rust with biogeography information of rust diseases in North America. APS North Central Division annual meeting. Jun 2007. Lafayette, Indiana.
Mo, J., Guo, T., Li, X., and Yang, X. B. 2007. Effects of light intensity and darkness period on infection of soybean rust in controlled conditions. 2007 Southern Soybean Disease Workers annual meeting. Jan 2007. St. Louis, Missouri.
Dias, A. P. S., Yang, X. B. and Li, X. Modeling light intensity patterns to estimate soybean rust outbreaks: Comparative analysis in Brazil and South Africa. 2007 Southern Soybean Disease Workers annual meeting. Jan 2007. St. Louis, Missouri
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Sheldon, IA, January 7, 2008. Crop Advantage Series.
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Spirit Lake, IA, January 16, 2008. Crop Advantage Series.
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust biology, management, and update. Osceola, IA, January 17, 2008. Crop Advantage Series.
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 13, 2008, Agrilliance.
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 14, 2008, Hamilton County Series.
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, February 19, 2008, Iowa Independent Crop Consultant Association
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Ames, IA, March 27, 2008, ISU Farm Supervisors
Mueller, D.S. Soybean rust update. Boone, IA, July 15, 16, 21, 2008, ISU FEEL
KANSAS (Submitted by: Doug Jardine, Kansas State University)
Kansas has 20 soybean rust sentinel plots in 2008. Five of these also serve as soybean aphid sentinel plots.
County Extension agents serve as scouts for 18 of the sentinel sites. They have each received a dissecting microscope to aid in scouting.
No rust was detected in Kansas as of October 7, 2008. High levels of soybean aphids were found in the Finney County sentinel plot and lower numbers were found in the Lyon and Labette County plots. A record number of acres of late and double-cropped soybeans were planted in 2008 and scouting will likely continue until the first freeze.
To assist growers in the decision to spray, a spray calculator has been developed and placed on the web. Growers can input there expected yield, expected yield savings from spraying, selling price and chemical and application costs to determine if spraying is likely to be profitable. The calculator can be found at: .
Fungicide trials have been established at two Southeast Kansas Agriculture Experiment Station fields. Results of the trial are not yet available.
KENTUCKY (Submitted by: Donald Hershman, U of Kentucky)
KY successfully monitored soybean rust in 19 sentinel plots (16 soybean and 3 kudzu) scattered across Kentucky during 2008. Plots were monitored from May through October (24 weeks). 243 samples were sent, by overnight courier, to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for observation. Soybean rust was detected in Ballard County in far west Kentucky at very low levels (1-3% incidence and severity) on October 16, 2008. At the time this report was prepared (Oct 22, 2008), no additional finds were detected.
A large fungicide test, representing 24 different treatments, was implemented at the UK Research and Education Center in Princeton, KY, but no soybean rust occurred in the test. A soybean rust fungicide timing test was implemented in Gainesville, KY on behalf of the Kentucky Soybean Promotion Board during 2008. This test was in cooperation with Phil and Carrie Harmon with the University of Florida. The objective of the test was to evaluate the efficacy of single, but variable timed, applications of a strobilurin, a triazole, and a combination of these two under high SBR pressure. The test was still in progress when this report was written.
During 2008, D. Hershman co-edited and co-authored portions of the 2008 revision of The soybean rust fungicide manual, published by the Ohio State University. Copies of this manual and other soybean rust educational products were made available to a large number of Kentucky stakeholders in cooperation with The KY Soybean Association and Promotion Board. This group also funded the Kentucky Soybean Rust Hotline which was accessed 531 times. Calls represented 18 unique states with 58% of the calls coming from Kentucky and 42% coming from outside of Kentucky. Weekly or bi-weekly Kentucky soybean rust updates were sent to 1300 individual e-mail addresses 16 times during the 2008 growing season. In addition, 25 soybean rust presentation were made to Kentucky stakeholders and 7 to stakeholders in other states (Tennessee, South Dakota, North Dakota) and Ontario, Canada during 2008.
LOUISIANA (Submitted by: Raymond W. Schneider, Louisiana State University)
Accomplishments:
1. Management of soybean rust with preplant soil supplements with chloride:
A large multifactorial field experiment was conducted in which KCl was added at three rates. Calcium chloride was added as a control for Cl at equivalent rates of Cl addition, and potassium sulfate and calcium sulfate were added as controls for the cations. In addition, side dress amendments were added at R1 and boron and manganese were applied as foliar sprays at R1. When analyzed across all treatments, the response in disease severity was most highly correlated with tissue concentrations of Cl. Minor element applications were variable in their responses and there was no enhanced response to side dress applications of the major nutrients.
2. Temperature relationships
Results from growth chamber and spore trapping studies showed that urediniospore production per pustule was virtually halted at temperatures above 92F. Risk maps were constructed for the entire continental U.S. for each month of season based on mean daily temperatures. These models clearly showed that spread of the disease to the Midwest from the south is repressed beginning in mid-June and then resumes in mid-September.
3. Fungicidal control
Field evaluations continued with a variety of triazoles and strobilurins. There are many materials available and registered for controlling soybean rust provided that they are applied in a timely manner.
4. Geographic information studies (GIS)
Several fields were mapped in detail with regard to soil and plant physical and chemical properties in order to address the origin of disease hot spots. Disease appears to begin randomly across a field rather than in patchy hotspots. Disease severity then increases more rapidly in some areas, and this ultimately leads to the appearance of hot spots, which have been interpreted to be a result of patchy spore showers.
5. Spore trap
The electrostatic spore deposition sampler was developed to a very high level of sophistication. This device, on the verge of commercial production and called the Ionic Spore Trap, has a very high capture efficiency, and spores can be identified to species on the basis of scanning electron microscope observations. Please see for further details.
MARYLAND (Submitted by: Arv Grybauskas, U of Maryland)
A) State Accomplishments by objectives:
Objective 1) Maryland scouted for the presence of soybean rust in the Maryland soybean crop and in known kudzu (alternative host) patches in the state and reported through the National IPM Pipe program.
Objective 2) Maryland participated in the evaluation of soybean rust resistant germplasm for adaptability and rust resistance (if rust occurs) through field nurseries, and in fungicide management programs. Fungicide trials were established with soybean rust as a target in full-season and double-crop soybeans. In the event that soybean rust occurs rust fungicide management data unique to our cropping system and production situation can therefore be collected. These same products and protocols are also evaluated for their impact on endemic foliar and stem diseases as they occur. At the time of preparation of this report, no rust has been found, and data collection on other diseases is still being conducted.
Objective 3) Maryland participated in the conference calls, meetings and exchanges to share data, develop programs and educational materials.
Objective 4) National (NCERA 208) developed educational materials and regionally adapted / modified material has been developed and disseminated during the growing season and during winter Extension educational sessions to assist growers in understanding the threat and best management of soybean rust if it develops in Maryland. During the growing season, the status of the crop and specialist interpretation of the threat of rust to the Maryland crop was provided in commentaries on the USDA IPM Pipe website and through e-mailed newsletters and Maryland IPM website reports.
B) State Impacts:
1) No soybean rust to date has been detected in Maryland.
2) Fungicides registered in anticipation of soybean rust are being evaluated under Maryland cropping systems and conditions. Positive and negative yield responses were obtained in 2006 and 2007 with several products under conditions favoring moderate brown spot and Cercopora purple stain development as well as under low and no disease conditions. Results from 2008 trials will continue to improve our understanding of how these products fit in our production systems even in the absence of soybean rust.
3) Hundreds of growers and key individuals in County Extension, Experiment Station facilities, crop consultants and Agribusinesses were provided educational materials and kept informed of best management practices and status of rust via publications, websites, newsletters, winter presentations, field-day presentations and face-to-face contacts. Grower profitability was improved through reduction of unnecessary fungicide applications.
C) Publications:
No peer-reviewed publications related to this program were produced to date in 2008.
Extension:
Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Sampling for suspected soybean rust cases in Maryland (revised 2008). Maryland Extension Information leaflet.
Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment August 28, 2008. E-mailed newsletter.
Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment September 11, 2008. E-mailed newsletter.
Grybauskas, A.P. 2008. Maryland soybean rust risk assessment September 15, 2008. E-mailed newsletter.
MINNESOTA (Submitted by: Dean Malvick and Jim Kurle, University of Minnesota)
Accomplishments for NCERA 208's four objectives:
A) The objectives of NCERA 208 are to:
1. Develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen.
20 soybean sentinel plots were established and monitored weekly across Minnesota in the 2008 growing season. Leaf samples were collected from each plot and sent to a laboratory at the University of Minnesota where they were incubated and looked at carefully using magnification. Soybean rust was not detected in any plots. Bacterial blight was especially common across MN this year, and downy mildew and Septoria brown spot were also common.
2. Identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research;
Fungicide trials were conducted to determine the effects of several different active ingredients on other foliar and stem diseases and on yield in the absence of soybean rust.
To assist in timely disease management and in reduction in the use of fungicides, an integrated atmospheric model was developed and tested for predicting the risk of the occurrence of soybean rust in Minnesota. The model includes a long-range atmospheric spore transport and deposition module coupled to a leaf wetness module required for spore germination.
3. Provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups.
4. Develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
B) Impacts:
Reduce fungicide use, reduce concern about soybean rust, and increase the efficiency of crop scouting efforts by demonstrating that there was no great need to scout for soybean rust.
C) Publications:
i. Peer reviewed journal articles.
- none published in 2008.
ii. Abstracts, Edited Scientific Reports, and Proceedings:
Floyd, C., Tao, Z., Spoden, G., Malvick, D., Kurle, J., Bernacchi, C., and Krupa, S. 2007. Minnesota soybean rust forecast model (MinnSoyRustMod). Presented at the National Soybean Rust Symposium, December 2007
Malvick, D. Floyd, C., Krupa, S., and Kurle. J. 2008. Monitoring atmospheric transport of soybean rust spores into Minnesota. Phytopathology 98:S97.
iii. Extension:
Newsletter articles written to provide updates on soybean rust for Minnesota.
Short presentations given at Minnesota extension meetings to agricultural professionals and producers.
MISSISSIPPI (Submitted by: Tom Allen, Mississippi State)
-Received approximately $130,000 from the USDA-RMA grant to plant and monitor sentinel plots, scout commercial soybean fields and scout in-season kudzu locations, as well as over-wintering kudzu locations for soybean rust.
-Planted 21 sentinel plots, but two lost, one in Stone County was lost to excessive deer pressure and the second in Warren County was swept away by the Mississippi River in a spring flood.
-In addition to adding the information to build the map on the public website, we send a weekly report via email to over 600 agricultural related personnel within MS. There are also some out of state people that receive this email (n=7). A telephone hotline is maintained on an “as needed” basis with Arkansas and Louisiana (866-641-1847) to update the agricultural community on suggestions with regards to the fungicide treatment of fields in the area of soybean rust infected locations. Also, a weekly radio program is recorded during the main soybean growing season to alert statewide producers to the current status of soybean rust in MS. Based on all of these contacts, we feel strongly that this information was received by ≥ 500,000 people in 2008.
-In addition to the weekly scouting of sentinel plots, we scout kudzu patches (approximately 300,000 acres of kudzu in MS) and commercial soybean fields (2.2 million acres of soybeans in 2008).
-Scouted over 1,207 unique locations in MS. Unique locations were scouted at least ONE time and in many cases were scouted much more than once. This includes:
-542 kudzu locations
-658 soybean locations
-7 coral bean locations
-A total of 79 soybean rust infected counties were identified in MS in 2008. This included 76 counties on soybean, and 3 counties on kudzu. Mississippi had 77 counties with soybeans planted in them in 2008. Mississippi has 80 of 82 counties that contain kudzu.
-As a historical perspective to rust in 2008: MS had 2 positive counties in 2005,
MS had 9 positive counties in 2006, MS had 26 positive counties in 2007.
-Additionally there were numerous people that were trained on the appearance of soybean rust at the field level. In 2008, 10 people were trained during field visits on what to look for when scouting for soybean rust.
-One publication was created in 2008 for distribution to producers as well as county level extension personnel. “Suggested Guidelines to Manage Soybean Rust Using Fungicides” was authored by T. Allen, D. Poston, W.F. Moore, T. Koger, H. Fulton, B. Graves, A. Henn, T. McDaniel, and G. Sciumbato.
-More than 10 presentations were given to producer organizations, during field days, to state legislators, and university administrators during the 2008 soybean growing season in MS.
MISSOURI (Submitted by: Laura Sweets, U of Missouri)
2007- 2008 Production Summary from Missouri Agricultural Statistics Service:
Missouri soybean production totaled 168 million bushels in 2007, down from the 194 million bushels produced in 2006. Farmers in Missouri harvested 4.55 million of the 4.6 million acres planted in the state. Missouri yields averaged 37 bushels per acre, down 1 bushel from last year but down 8 bushels from the record set in 2004.
The 2008 harvest is progressing slowly and as of November 11, 2008, was 76% complete which is eight days behind normal. The current estimate is that 5.05 million acres will be harvested which would be the third largest soybean crop on record. Average yield is estimated at 37 bu/A.
2008 Soybean Disease Summary:
Weather, especially extreme weather, was a major problem during the 2008 season. Parts of the state were flooded two or three times over the course of the season. Most of the state was unusually wet and cool for the majority of the growing season. Wet conditions delayed planting or led to replanting. Late wheat harvest resulted in very late planted double crop beans.
Early season seedling blight and root diseases were major problems during the 2008 season, but were overshadowed by flooding, saturated soils and generally poor growing conditions.
Foliage diseases were neither widespread nor severe. Septoria brown spot was unusually low in both incidence and severity. Frogeye leaf spot was also quite low in incidence and severity. Downy mildew came in quite late in the season but during September was very prevalent in the upper canopy of many fields.
Sudden death syndrome was widespread and severe.
The soybean rust sentinel plot program during the 2008 season was lead by Dr. Allen Wrather. Approximately 20 sentinel plots were established throughout the state and monitored on a regular basis, primarily by Extension regional agronomists.
Soybean rust was not confirmed in Missouri until late October. One leaflet out of a 100 leaflet sample had several soybean rust pustules. The positive find was from Scott County in southeast Missouri. There were no additional positives for the state during the 2008 season and no yield losses due to soybean rust in the state.
Research Summary:
Soybean rust fungicide trials were conducted at two locations but soybean rust did not develop at either of these locations before trials were harvested. There were no statistically significant differences in yield between any of the treatments including the untreated control.
NEBRASKA (Submitted by: Loren Giesler, University of Nebraska)
Activities related to soybean rust are coordinated by Dr. Loren Giesler, Extension Plant Pathologist with soybean responsibilities. In 2008 we have established 26 sentinel plots as part of the national soybean rust monitoring network funded through USDA and the soybean check off. Nebraska assists this effort by coordinating the check off funded project with Dr. Don Hershman, University of Kentucky. As of September 25, we have not identified soybean rust in Nebraska. We have identified many other diseases of soybean in these plots including: downy mildew, brown spot, frogeye leaf spot, Cercospora blight, bacterial blight, and bacterial pustule. All observations of soybean rust (all negative) were uploaded to the ipmPIPE website for stakeholder viewing.
We have also conducted foliar efficacy trials with most commonly marketed fungicides. Results are not completed and plots have not been harvested yet. These trials have provided us with an excellent opportunity to identify if there is any affect of fungicide application in absence of soybean rust. In prior years, we have observed mixed results as to the benefit of fungicide application in Nebraska.
NEW YORK (Submitted by: Gary C. Bergstrom, Cornell University)
Project Personnel: Mary McKellar, Patty Clement, Stephanie Smolenski, Sandra Jensen-Tracy, and Karen Snover-Clift, Dept. of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Cooperators: Cornell Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic, National Plant Diagnostic Network (Northeastern Hub Lab), New York State IPM Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension field crop educators, agribusiness (Monsanto, Canandaigua, NY), and USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center (Big Flats, NY)
New York contributions toward committee objectives:
1) To develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen.
Thirteen sentinel soybean plots were monitored for soybean rust in New York in 2008. No rust was found. The sentinel network served as a focal point for assessment and communication of broader pest management issues affecting soybean production in New York. Weekly updates were communicated to New York clientele via the New York Soybean Rust Information Center () as well as to the national SBR-PIPE.
2) To identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research.
In the absence of soybean rust, there was no research done in New York on rust management. However, the consistent projection of ‘low risk’ allowed a recommendation to not apply rust fungicides to 205,000 acres of soybean in New York in 2008.
3) To provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups.
Soybean rust detection, epidemiology, and management were discussed at grower and agribusiness forums across New York in 2007 including presentations at more than 10 winter meetings and field days.
4) To develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
Bergstrom participated with other members of NCERA-208 in review of materials for the revised soybean rust fungicide manual. Specific New York extension materials on soybean rust management were developed and revised as a part of the annual Cornell Guide for Integrated Field Crop Management (print and on-line ) for regular updates on-line at the New York Soybean Rust Information Center ().
NORTH CAROLINA (Submitted by Steve Koenning, NC State University)
Objective 1) To develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen.
a. 25 Sentinel plots for detection of soybean rust. Soybean rust detected in 6 North Carolina Counties in 2008.
Objective 2) To identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research.
a. Three fungicide trials for evaluation of soybean rust management.
Objective 3) To provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups.
a. Two extension meetings and CCA training on Asiatic soybean rust.
b. Distributed 399 copies of book “Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region”.
c. Managed and maintained communication network including 86 County Agents and 200-300 crop consultants.
Objective 4) To develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
1. Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps. 2008. Soybean rust management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University, North Carolina State University, University of Georgia, and Virginia Cooperative Extension Services. 38 Pps.
2. Sconyers, L. and S. Koenning. 2008. A brief history of rust in the western hemisphere. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 1-2.
3. Koenning, S. R. 2008. Soybean rust in North Carolina in 2007. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 7.
4. Mueller, J., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, P. Phipps, and L. Sconyers. 2008. Monitoring rust movements. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps 15-16.
5. Phipps, P., S. Koenning. S. Rideout, and E. Stromberg. 2008. Common diseases of soybean in the mid-atlantic region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 17-23.
6. Howlie , D., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, J. Dunphy, J. Mueller, and P. Phipps. 2008. Management of soybean rust. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 31-34.
7. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America. Soybean Rust Summary for North Carolina: Reflections on 2005-2007. Soybean Rust Prospects for 2008. Resources for Soybean Rust in 2008. Pest News 33:(1).
8. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America, May 2008. Pest News 23(5).
9. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America, Mid June. Inoculation of Soybean in Florida at Quincy. Another Host for Soybean Rust. 2008. Pest News 23(11).
10. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America, Mid July. Fungicide Update. 2008. Pest News 23(16).
11. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America, September, 2008. Fungicide Update. Pest News 23(22).
12. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. Current Status of Soybean Rust in North America. Pest Alert.
13. Koenning, S. R., and E. J. Dunphy. 2008. First Find of Asiatic Soybean Rust in North Carolina October 1, 2008. Pest Alert.
IMPACT - North Carolina produced soybean on an estimate 1.66 million acres in 2008. No more than one 10th of this area received applications of fungicides. A only a few growers may have applied fungicides for soybean rust. As a result of educational and extension efforts unnecessary fungicide use was minimized in North Carolina in 2008.
NORTH DAKOTA (Submitted by: Sam Markell, North Dakota State)
Twenty sentinel plots were established in eleven North Dakota during the 2008 growing season. Sentinel plots were monitored from the last week of June until the first week of October. No soybean rust was found. The soybean monitoring system was discussed at 12 field days/meeting and 9 media interviews.
Extension Presentations:
Markell, S. Soybean Diseases. Syngenta Seed Growers Meeting. Fargo, ND. 8/27/08. 30 people.
Markell, S. Wheat and Soybean Disease Update. Grand Forks County Plot Tour. Thompson, ND. 7/21/08. 50 people
Markell, S. Soybean and Corn Fungicide Applications. NDSU Extension Service Spring Conference. Bismarck, ND. 3/31/08. 15 people.
Markell, S. Soybean Root Rots and Soybean Rust. Buxton Area Growers Meeting. Hatton, ND. 3/25/08. 25 people.
Markell, S. Soybean Root Rots and Soybean Rust. Reynolds Area Growers Meeting. Reynolds, ND. 3/25/08. 15 people.
Markell, S. Broadleaf Crop Diseases. Eastern Crop Scout School. Fargo, ND. 2/27/08. 65 people.
Markell, S. Soybean and Dry Bean Disease Updates. I.C.E. Ag Show. Grand Forks, ND. 50 people.
Markell, S. Advanced Ag Consultants. To Spray or Not To Spray. Fargo, ND. 2/20/08. 50 people.
Markell, S. Soybean Rust and Fungicides. ND Soybean Expo. Fargo, ND. 2/12/08. 125 people.
Markell, S. Fungicide Resistance and Updates. Pesticide Re-certification Training. Mandan, ND. 2/6/08. 83 people.
Markell, S. Anthracnose and Other Bean Threats. Northarvest Bean Day. Fargo, ND. 1/18/08. 600 people.
Markell, S. To Spray of Not to Spray. Barnes County Row Crop Expo. Valley City, ND. 1/10/08. 100 people.
Radio Interviews:
Dakota Radio-Valley City, KOVC, KDDR, KDAC. - Steve Urness. Topic: Fungicides, Plant Health and Diseases. 1/10/08.
KMAV 105.5 Mayville. Ayanava Mujamdar. Topic: Sunflower, Dry Bean, and Soybean Diseases. 1/7/08
KMAV 105.5 Mayville. Ayanava Mujamdar. Topic: Soybean IPM and Soybean Rust. 1/7/08
KQLX – Mick Kjar. Topic: Soybean, Pulse, and Sunflower Diseases. 4/4/08.
KQLX – Mick Kjar. Topic: Soybean, Pulse, and Sunflower Diseases. 4/8/08.
KFYR – Al Gustan. Topic: Soybean Rust Scouting. 6/27/08.
RRV Radio Network – Randy Koenen. Topic: Soybean Diseases in 2007, Root Rots. 9/6/08.
Print Interviews:
Northarvest Magazine – Marlene. Topic: Legume PIPE Website Launch. 3/19/08.
Northarvest Magazine – Kris Versdahl. Topic: Clean Seed, Anthracnose, Soybean Rust, and Bacterial Diseases. 2/29/08.
OHIO (Submitted by: Anne E. Dorrance, The Ohio State University
Thirty-four locations participated in the sentinel plot network during 2008. Of these thirty-four locations, nine have four cultivars along with two planting dates. Leaf samples were submitted from 207 plots beginning in the middle of July. In addition, 61 leaf samples were collected for mobile plot scouting from 18 counties, including 9 and 10 locations from Pickaway and Wayne County following rain trap reports.
No soybean rust pustules were identified in any of the samples.
Overall the crop was challenged this year, cold wet conditions from May to June favored many of the soil borne diseases. This was followed by an extensive drought especially in the northern third of the state. As one producer puts it the expected yields are “zero to infinity” based on planting date. Stands across the state are very spotty. Phytophthora stem rot, Sclerotinia, Diaporthe, and brown spot were the most prevalent. Frogeye leaf spot can be found, but due to dry weather during July, never got started.
Education:
New version of multi-state soybean rust fungicide manual was printed (20,000 copies) and is begin sold “at cost”.
Publications:
Baysal-Gurel, F., Lewis Ivey, M.L., Dorrance, A., Luster, D., Frederick, R., Czarnecki, J., Boehm, M., and Miller, S.A. 2008. An immunofluorescence assay to detect urediniospores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Dis. 92: 1387-1393.
Dorrance, A.E., Draper, M., and Hershman, D (editors) 2008. Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Bulletin SR-2008. 111pp.
SOUTH DAKOTA (Submitted by: Lawrence Osborne, South Dakota State University)
During the 2008 growing season, 35 sentinel plots at 28 locations were monitored in South Dakota for the presence of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). These locations extended from the southeast corner of the state, the most probable location for soybean rust occurrence in the state, to north-central SD, where risk of disease is lower. Five of the sentinel locations were planted to legumes hosts other than soybean (pea or dry edible bean). Of the 23 soybean locations 21 were located in producer fields, as were four of the five alternate legume plots. The remaining three plots were located at University research farms. Six locations (southeastern part of SD) had multiple maturity groups (MG) to extend monitoring at the highest risk locations, all other sites had one MG. Plots were monitored and sampled weekly by Extension Educators from R1 stage through R6 or R7 stages. Leaf samples were shipped overnight to the SDSU Plant Diagnostic Laboratory for incubation and processing. After 24-48 hours room temperature incubation, each sample was visually examined for ASR or look-alikes. Potential positives were checked using a immunostrip assay for P. pachyrhizi, though none were confirmed positive. Pertinent weather data was recorded using portable logging devices at each sentinel location.
A total of 428 samples were received from late June through early October. None were positive for ASR. Several other important soybean or legume diseases were surveyed and detected including bean pod mottle virus, soybean mosaic virus, Ascochyta blight (peas) and Fusarium wilt. Funding was received to cover expenses of 25 of the 28 sentinel plot locations as follows: 10 sites were funded by USDA Sentinel Plot Funding (5 soybean and 5 alternate legume), and 15 sites were funded through NCSRP (checkoff funds). The 3 additional sites were located on University research farms and other resources were utilized to provide those sites.
VIRGINIA (Submitted by: Pat Phipps, Polytechnic Institute and State University)
OBJECTIVES:
1) To develop and implement a coordinated early detection and monitoring program for soybean rust.
Outcome: Established and monitored 10 Sentinel plots and monitored commercial fields for early detection of soybean rust. Soybean rust was confirmed in 10 Virginia Counties in 2008.
2) To identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research.
Outcome: Ten fungicide trials were conducted for evaluation in control of common diseases and soybean rust management.
3) To provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups.
Outcome(s): Multiple extension meetings and field demonstrations were conducted on Asiatic soybean rust. Distributed 300 copies of “Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region”. Managed and maintained communications with county agents and crop consultants. Updated the USDA
4) To develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
1. Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps. 2008. Soybean rust management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University, North Carolina State University, University of Georgia, and Virginia Cooperative Extension Services. 38 Pps.
2. Sconyers, L. and S. Koenning. 2008. A brief history of rust in the western hemisphere. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 1-2.
3. Koenning, S. R. 2008. Soybean rust in North Carolina in 2007. In Mueller, J.D., S. R. Koenning, R.C. Kemerait, and P.M. Phipps Eds. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 7.
4. Mueller, J., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, P. Phipps, and L. Sconyers. 2008. Monitoring rust movements. Soybean Rust Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps 15-16.
5. Phipps, P., S. Koenning. S. Rideout, and E. Stromberg. 2008. Common diseases of soybean in the mid-atlantic region. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. PP 17-23.
6. Howlie , D., R. Kemerait, S. Koenning, J. Dunphy, J. Mueller, and P. Phipps. 2008. Management of soybean rust. Clemson University Extension Service, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension, South Carolina Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Soybean Board, Virginia Cooperative Extension, and the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. Pps. 31-34.
WEST VIRGINIA (Submitted by: Norman L. Dart, West Virginia Department of Agriculture
• Established and monitored 14 sentinel plots throughout West Virginia along the Ohio, Kanawha and Potomac Rivers. Plots were distributed in 9 counties bordering Ohio, Virginia and Maryland. Nine of the plots were soybean and 5 were kudzu plots.
• Plots were monitored every other week during the vegetative stages and every week during the reproductive stages. Leaves (100) were sampled every time sentinel plots were visited and were brought back to the lab for incubation and inspection under a dissecting scope. In August one round of suspect leaves were tested using PCR analysis. All samples were negative for SBR using all methods.
• All county extension offices in which plots were established were visited on a monthly basis to update them on our monitoring efforts and were supplied with diagnostic guides to provide growers.
• Published article on monitoring efforts in state agricultural journal
WISCONSIN (Submitted By: Paul Esker, U of Wisconsin)
In 2008, Wisconsin again participated in the soybean rust sentinel plot monitoring program. With financial support through USDA-RMA and NC-SRP, sentinel plots were established throughout the state (see Figure 1). Soybean rust sentinel plots were established with the help of UW County Extension Faculty and Research Support Staff in producer’s fields during the 2008-growing season. Eleven sentinel plots in major soybean producing areas were monitored on a weekly or bi-weekly schedule as per protocol. Leaves were incubated 24 hours and inspected for presence of soybean rust. Results were emailed to Brian Hudelson, UW Plant Pathogen Detection Lab. This information was used to update the Soybean Rust ipmPIPE website. Additionally, commentary regarding soybean growth stage, disease observations and management considerations were included.
Participating cooperators/counties were: Matt Hanson (Dodge), John Gaska (Columbia), Joe Bollman (Jefferson), Mike Ballweg (Sheboygan), Jerry Clark (Chippewa), Bill Halfman (Monroe), Mike Bertram (Wood), Scott Reuss (Marinette), Steve Huntzicker (LaCrosse), Ryan Sterry (Polk), Dave Fischer (Dane), Bryan Jensen (Dane).
Soybean rust was not (or has not as of 9/20/08) been found in Wisconsin. Since the 2004 discovery of soybean rust in the U.S., there has been no documented finds of soybean rust in Wisconsin.
Funding for 2009.
Discussions have been established with the Wisconsin Soybean Marketing Board to determine if they would be willing to support a monitoring program for soybean rust especially if there is a loss of funding from other sources. The initial discussion has been favorable, although no direct indication of funding has been provided. The approach that we took for these discussions were to modify our current approach of establishing sentinel plots and instead replace this with a mobile scouting program.
The funding structure would be:
• Salary support for staff to coordinate the mobile scouting
• Vehicle expenses
• Salary support and supply money for the Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic to handle suspected samples
Estimated funding would be in the 15-20 K range.
Soybean Fungicide Database.
To provide just a brief update regarding progress on building a national database for soybean fungicides. To date, we have received data from the following states:
Oklahoma, Georgia, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Kentucky, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois, North Dakota, Ohio, Louisiana, Florida, Alabama
The construction of the master database has been a slow process, in part because of the inherent differences between different trials. Unlike the uniform trials in wheat, we have many different types of trials in this database. The current working approach for the data will be to:
1. Construct individual trial analyses for trials submitted. This is in part so that each trial is analyzed in a near-similar framework, taking into account differences in experimental design (will help with the meta-analysis). Requests will be made for the experimental design, if that is not clear from the information provide.
a. A summary of that analysis will be provided to each state.
2. A summary of +/- yields from the control will be developed.
3. An outline of the meta-analysis will be constructed and sent out to collaborators for discussion. For example, some key questions that have come up include the coding and interpretation of mixed product and multiple timing applications.
4. Analysis and interpretation.
I cannot give an exact timeframe for this. There is extensive quality control that is needed for some of the data and many questions are popping up that require clarification.
ONTARIO, CANADA (Submitted by: Albert Tenuta, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs)
Objective 1. Develop and implement a coordinated soybean rust survey and monitoring system based on identifying overwintering inoculum sources and the host range of this pathogen.
In 2008, Ontario again participated in the North American Soybean Rust Sentinel Plot Network. Thirty sentinel plots were established in the province (from Windsor to Ottawa) on soybeans and one kudzu plot (roof of the U of Toronto Botany Department). In addition other fields are monitored on a on-going basis through either routine scouting or incorporated in other surveys such as the soybean aphid monitoring program. In 2007, soybean rust was detected in Ontario (Ridgetown) but rust was not detected in 2008.
Objective 2. Identify and evaluate the best disease management strategies for soybean rust in the U.S. including host resistance, fungicide application, cultural measures, and predictive models based on sound epidemiological research.
Host Resistance: For the second year, soybean germplasm lines (1500 in 2007 and over 900 in 2008) developed through the University of Guelph and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada breeding programs were evaluated in Quincy, Florida under disease pressure. A small number of lines show promise that new lines resistant to soybean rust will be developed for Ontario and the northern soybean production areas.
Fungicides: Fungicide efficacy trials were established in the province in 2008 which supplemented data from a 2007 fungicide trial Ontario conducted in Quincy, FL with the help of the U of Florida. In this trial registered fungicides for the Ontario market were tested under disease pressure.
Spore Trapping: Over the past two years, spore trapping equipment (rainfall collectors and airborne samplers) were deployed at 12 sites, 10 in Ontario and one in each of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Rapid screening of the environmental samples collected weekly from all sites was done using a species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assay developed by the USDA, and additional confirmatory DNA-based approaches. Samples were collected weekly by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Rood and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) or Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) staff and sent to Dr. Sarah Hambleton at AAFC in Ottawa for processing.
The establishment of this spore trapping network resulted in first detections of soybean rust spores in Canada during the 2007 growing season and again in 2008. This information was incorporated into the US spore trapping database.
Objective 3. Provide forums for meetings to exchange and share research data among the land grant participants and with industry and commodity groups.
Ontario Soybean Rust Coalition: The Ontario Soybean Rust Coalition (OSRC) was established in 2005 and was formed in response to the potential introduction of this new invasive plant disease of soybeans into Ontario and Canada.. Coalition members include: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ontario Soybean Growers, University of Guelph, BASF, Dow AgriScience, E.I du Pont Company, Monsanto, Pioneer Hi-Bred Ltd, Syngenta Crop Protection, Syngenta Seeds, and John Deere. These partners continue to work together to help mitigate the risks associated with Asian Soybean Rust and are providing a “unified” voice on all matters relating to soybean rust.
Soybean Rust Workshop in Quincy, FL: A special Soybean rust workshop at the North Florida Research and Education Centre in Quincy, Florida was held from September 17 to 19, 2008. The workshop provided updates from key researchers and a “hands-on” learning environment which was not available in Canada. This group represents the key stakeholders from government, industry (seed and chemical), growers (OSG), agronomy consultants, diagnostic services and education/research involved in soybean production in Ontario and a representative from Quebec. Besides Ontario participants, others from Nebraska, North Carolina, Missouri, South Dakota were involved.
Objective 4. Develop educational materials for identification and management of soybean rust in the U.S.
The OSRC has undertaken various activities to prepare producers, extension, consultants and the Ontario soybean industry with the necessary resources and decision support tools to effectively and successfully manage this new invasive plant disease. Initial activities range from holding Soybean Rust Information Workshops, the production of soybean rust identification and management materials, the development and distribution of “Managing Soybean Rust With Fungicides” Manual, Rust Management Seminars / Field Days, the development/maintenance of a Canadian Soybean Rust web page () and many others.
Activities undertaken during this reporting period include numerous grower and industry presentations, media publications, field days, soybean rust CD, Updated “Managing Soybean Rust with Fungicides” Manual (print and CD versions), soybean rust card, survey of agricultural consultants and a special soybean rust workshop in Quincey, Florida.
Reach and Communication efforts
Asian Soybean Rust communication efforts targeting Ontario soybean producers took multiple approaches: Grower information workshops, publications, rust website, and field days. All print and electronic communications efforts to date have included acknowledgement of AAC/AAFC as a supporter of rust initiatives.
Coalition activities in this reporting period (January 2007 to September 2008) included the development and dissemination of various educational materials related to soybean rust (technology transfer) such as:
a) Educational and Technology Transfer Materials
i) 22,000+ “Soybean Rust – What is your Risk?” six panel cards were distributed to key Ontario stakeholders, growers at soybean rust information sessions, presentations, etc.
ii) In 2008, the “Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust” Manual was revised to include new information. These manuals are to be redistributed to key stakeholders (CCAs, industry, research and producers).
iii) CD version of the revised Soybean Rust CD “Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust” Manual has been distributed to key Ontario stakeholders, growers at soybean rust information sessions, presentations, etc.
b) Sample of Presentations (Oral and poster)
2007
• Southwest Agricultural Conference, Ridgetown, ON. Jan. 3-4, 2007. Two presentations.
Over 1900 attended the conference.
• Combined Annual Meetings, Ontario Soybean Growers, Ontario Corn Producers’
Association and Ontario Wheat Growers. London, ON. March 5-7, 2007. 500+ growers
and industry personnel were in attendance from across the province. The meeting
includes delegates, boards members of all three grower groups plus is open to all
soybean, corn and wheat growers
• Southwest Crops Diagnostic Days, Ridgetown, ON. July 5-6, 2007. Soybean rust update
from the US, Ontario sentinel plots and spore trapping network. In addition a
demonstration of various types of spore trapping equipment was performed for the 423
attendees.
• Oral presentation: 2007 Annual Meeting of CPS-SCP (with Plant Canada 2007).
Hambleton, S., Tropiano, R., and Tenuta, A. (2007). "The Soybean Rust Sentinel Plot
Program: Molecular identification, screening and tracking of Phakopsora pachyrhizi."
Saskatoon, SK, Canada, June 10-14. Abstract (Conference proceeding, pp. 106, C1-4)and the Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology.
• Poster presentation: 2007 National Soybean Rust Symposium. Hambleton, S., Tenuta,
A.U., Anderson, T.R., Tropiano, R., Bergeron, J., and Van Herk, C. (2007). "Asian
Soybean Rust Monitoring Program Pays Off in 2007 With First Detections in Ontario, Canada." Louisville, KY, USA, Dec. 12-14. (on-line @
)
• OSG Committee Members Meeting. London, ON. Dec. 19, 2007. A soybean rust review of 2007 including the confirmations in Ontario of the first spore and positive plant infections was given to the 122 soybean board delegates.
2008
• Southwest Agricultural Conference, Ridgetown, ON. Jan. 3-4, 2008.Soybean rust updates, plans for 2008 and outlook for 2008 was included. Over 2000 attended the meeting over the two days with the 2008 pest alert being offered 4 times. Over 400 attended these sessions.
• Kemptville Field Crop Day, Kemptville, ON. February 20, 2008. Dr. Don Hershman,
Extension Plant Pathologist at the University of Kentucky gave a review of the US
soybean rust programs/events for 2007 and what to expect in 2008. Don also included
Ontario information on the sentinel plot network and spore trapping efforts and how this information is integrated into the North American early warning system for soybean rust.
• Western Fair Farm Show, London, ON. March 5-8, 2008. The Middlesex Soil and Crop
Association (grower group) had a display at the Farm Show discussing soybean rust fungicides and predictions.
• Soybean, Corn and Wheat Growers Annual Meeting, March 4, 2008, London, ON. Posters presented at the Louisville Soybean Rust Symposium on the Sentinel plots system for Ontario, the spore trapping network/first confirmation and the Ontario Soybean Rust
Coalition were posted at the meeting by the request of the Ontario Soybean Growers in
order to highlight successful Ontario research projects. 1000+ attendees.
• Soybean Rust Information Display/Booth at the Ottawa Valley Farm Show. Ottawa, ON. March 11-13, 2008
• American Phytopathological Society Centennial Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. July 26-30
2008 “ Patterns of Phakopsora pachyrhizi spore deposition detected in North America rain and their use to calibrate IAMS soybean rust forecasts in 2007” by C. W. BARNES (2), L. J. Szabo (2), S. A. Isard (5), A. Ariatti (5), A. U. Tenuta (4), S. Hambleton (1), R. Tropiano (1), V. C. Bowersox (3), R. Claybrooke (3), C. Lehmann (3), Phytopathology 98:S18
c) Selected media articles and press releases
• Article in Ontario Soybean Growers Newsletter. "Soybean rust spores found in Ontario Spore Traps." September 2007.
• Press release: Ontario Rust Coalition. “Soybean Rust Confirmed in Ontario.” November
16, 2007 by Albert Tenuta, Sarah Hambleton, Research Scientist, and Crosby Devitt.
• Article prepared for industry magazine: Country Guide Magazine - Soybean Issue.
February 2008.
• Press Release: Soybean Rust Spores Found In Ontario Spore Traps Again in 2008, July 25, 2008 by Albert Tenuta, Sarah Hambleton, Research Scientist, and Crosby Devitt.
• Article in industry magazine: Top Crop Manager. “Asian soybean rust is in Ontario.”
February 2008. The magazine is specifically designed to help top crop producers whose
goal is long-term sustainability. (on-line @
Book Chapters:
Tenuta, A., Hershman, D., Draper, M., and Dorrance, A. 2008. “Fungicide Basics” in Using Foliar Fungicides to Manage Soybean Rust. Dorrance, A. E., Draper, M. A., and Hershman, D. E., eds. 2008. NC-504 Land Grant Universities Cooperating. Bulletin SR-2008.
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