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SCI 10: Climate Project 2016 NAME:

Work through each element of this self-directed project using the links provided. You may also need to reference other sources, such as the online Powerpoints and the textbook. We will be going over sections 1 & 2 during class time.

1. Specific Heat Capacity (pg. 377-380)

-The quantity of thermal energy, Q, is the amount of thermal energy absorbed or released when the temperature of a specific mass of substance changes by a certain number of degrees.

-Q can be calculated using the following formula:

Q=m c (t

Q= quantity of thermal energy in J

m= mass of the substance in g

c = specific heat capacity of the substance in J/g.oC

(t = change in temperature, in oC

-Specific heat capacity (c) is _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________.

- c is measured in J/goC

- c =0.897 J/goC means ______________________________________________________________________.

Example:

A 50.0 g mass of water at 25.0 oC is heated to 50.0 oC on a hot plate. Given that the theoretical specific heat capacity of water is 4.19J/g. oC, determine the value for Q

∆t= 50.0oC – 25.0 oC

∆t= 25.0 oC

The mass, m, is 50.0g and the specific heat capacity for water, (c) is 4.19 J/g. oC. Therefore:

Q=m c ∆t

= (50.0g) (4.19 J/g. oC) (25.0 oC)

= 5237.5J

= 5.24 x 103J OR 5.24 kJ

The amount of thermal energy added, Q, was 5.24 x 103J

NOTE: Remember to convert any kJ values to J and any kg to grams before doing calculations!

Classroom Examples (not for marks):

|A 200g mass of water at 4.00 oC is allowed to warm to 22.0oC . Determine |A 100.0g mass of water is at 23.0oC. Determine the quantity of thermal |

|the amount of thermal energy, Q, absorbed. The theoretical c of water is |energy, Q, required to increase the temperature of the water to 100oC. The |

|4.19 J/g. oC. |theoretical c of water is 4.19 J/g. oC. |

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|Calculate the amount of thermal energy that must be released to decrease |Determine the quantity of energy required to warm a 1.00kg block of ice |

|the temperature of 20.0g of water by 15.0 oC, given that the c of water is |from -15.0 oC to 0oC. The theoretical c of ice is 2.00 J/g oC. |

|4.19 J/g. oC. | |

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|Calculate the change in temperature, ∆t, that occurs when 8.38kJ of thermal|When 21.6J of energy is added to a 2.0g mass of iron, the temperature of |

|energy is added to 100.0g of water. The theoretical c of water is 4.19 J/g.|iron increases by 24.0oC. What is the experimental specific heat capacity |

|oC. |of iron? |

|∆ t= | |

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Some specific heat capacities of substances:

|SUBSTANCE |SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY (J/gºC)|

|pure water |4.19 |

|steam |2.02 |

|ice |2.00 |

|sea water |3.89 |

|dry air |1.00 |

|moist air |1.15 |

Do on your own (worth 2 marks each)

Specific Heat Capacity Problems:

1. How much energy is released when 35 g of water cools from 25ºC to 10ºC?

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2. How much heat is absorbed by 1000 kg of seawater in a large hole on the beach as the

seawater’s temperature rises from 20ºC to 25ºC?

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3. What mass of water could have its temperature raised 35ºC by absorbing 100 kJ of energy?

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4. If 2.09 x 103 J of energy raised the temperature of moist air from 23ºC to 37ºC, what was the

mass of the air?

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5. Assume that the tissues of the human body have an average specific heat capacity of 3.50 J/gºC.

A 55 kg person goes for a 30 min run and generates 6.50 x 105 J of thermal energy. If the body

had no mechanisms for removing excess thermal energy, what would be the temperature increase

of the person’s body be? (this is why sweating is so important!)

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6. What is the specific heat capacity of a substance if it requires 2334 J of energy to change the

temperature of 40 g of the substance by 15ºC?

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7. If 300 g of a substance releases 3.8 kJ of energy while cooling 15 ºC, what is its specific heat

capacity?

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The Hydrologic cycle: (pg. 382-383)

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

taken from:

2. The Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization of Water (pg. 383-387)

← The heat of fusion of a substance is the amount of ___________________ absorbed when 1 mol of the substance changes from ______________ to a _____________ without a change in temperature.

← The energy released during the __________________________ when 1 mol of _________________________is referred to as ____________________________________________

← The heat of vaporization of a substance is the amount of ________________________ when 1 mol of the substance changes from ______________ phase to ______________________ phase, without a change in temperature.

← The energy released during the ______________________________, when 1 mol of a ____________________ to a _________________ is called ____________________________________

Heat of Fusion

The amount of energy released during a phase change from solid to liquid (Heat of Fusion) can be calculated using:

[pic]

Where [pic]=heat of fusion in kJ/mol

[pic]= quantity of thermal energy in KJ

[pic]= number of moles of substance in mol

NOTE: If the mass (m) of a substance is given or required, the amount (n) must first be determined by converting g to mol using our chemistry equation [pic]

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of energy released during a phase change from liquid to gas (Heat of Vaporization) can be calculated using:

[pic]

Where Hvap =heat of fusion in kJ/mol

[pic]= quantity of thermal energy in KJ

[pic]= number of moles of substance in mol

NOTE: If the mass (m) of a substance is given or required, the amount (n) must first be determined by converting g to mol using our chemistry equation [pic]

Classroom Problems (no marks):

|When 0.751kJ of thermal energy is added to 0.125 mol of ice at 0.0 oC, |Calculate the amount of moles of ice at 0.0 oC that can be melted by the|

|the ice changes phase. Calculate the experimental heat of fusion of ice.|addition of 15.0kJ if thermal energy. |

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|Determine the experimental heat of fusion of copper, given that it takes|When 150g of water changes from liquid to gas, 339kJ of energy is |

|0.606kJ if thermal energy to melt 100g of solid copper at its melting |absorbed. Determine the experimental Hvap . (hint: Calculate M of water)|

|point. The molar mass of copper is 63.55g/mol | |

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- Watch the following video:

Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of Some Common Substances

| |HEAT OF FUSION |HEAT OF VAPOURIZATION |

|SUBSTANCE |Hfus (kJ/mol) |Hvap (kJ/mol) |

|water |6.01 |40.65 |

|ammonia |5.66 |23.33 |

|methanol |3.22 |35.21 |

|nitrogen |0.71 |5.57 |

|oxygen |0.44 |6.82 |

Solve the following Heat of fusion/vaporization problems (2 marks each)

1. How much thermal energy is required to melt 4.525 mol of ice at 0 ºC to liquid water at 0ºC?

(Hint: the units in the question are moles. You do not have to convert units). You will need the

Heat of Fusion of water information from the chart above.

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2. How much energy is required to boil 48.8 mol of liquid water at 100ºC to steam (water vapour)

at 100 ºC?

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3. How much energy (Q) is released when 42.3 mol of nitrogen gas condenses into liquid nitrogen

without any changes in temperature?

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4. How much energy is required to convert 48.8 mol of liquid methanol into a gas at the same temp?

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5. How much heat is lost when 63.07 g of steam at 100 ºC condenses and forms liquid water

at 100 ºC? (Hint: you must convert g to mol)

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6. How much heat is released when 2.0 kg of water at 0 ºC freezes and forms ice at 0 ºC?

(Hint: Notice that the units of water are kg not g)

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7. If 187 kJ of heat caused a chunk of ice at 0 ºC to melt to liquid water at 0 ºC, determine the number of moles of ice that were melted. Then, determine the number of grams of ice that were in the chunk.

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8. How much energy is required to melt 18 ice cubes in a tray at 0 ºC to liquid water at 0 ºC?

Assume that the ice cubes are identical and each has a mass of 29 g.

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Phase Change in Water Graph – When water changes state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas, there is very little if any change in temperature during the phase change. The energy absorbed by the water molecules goes directly into breaking the hydrogen bonds and allowing them to change state – therefore there is no change in temperature. (pg. 385)

Click through the following animation to help you understand this process: (use google chrome)

What does the heating curve of water look like?

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3. Weather vs. Climate (pg. 342)

Use the link to complete the task below:



Describe the difference between weather and climate.

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4. Spheres of the Earth (pg. 343-346)

Watch this short video:

a) Define the following:

|Biosphere | |

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|Hydrosphere | |

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|Atmosphere | |

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|Lithosphere | |

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b) Use this website: to explain how energy is transferred from one “sphere” to another “sphere”. Give one example.

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Use these websites and your textbook pg. 343-345 to answer the questions below:





c) What is the composition of air within the atmosphere?

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d) Briefly describe the four levels of the atmosphere below and their boundaries.

|Troposphere | |

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|Tropopause | |

|Stratosphere | |

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|Stratopause | |

|Mesosphere | |

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|Mesopause | |

|Thermosphere | |

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Use the following website to answer the following question.

e) What is an inversion (pg. 348)?

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5. Albedo and the Greenhouse Effect (pg.363)

Use the links below and answer the following questions:





a) What is the source of all energy on Earth?

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b) What is albedo?

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c) What is ice melt’s effect on land and sea and overall albedo?

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6. Energy transfer (pg.270-371) What is conduction, convection and radiation?

Watch the following animation:

Define and give 1 example of:

|Radiation | |

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|Conduction | |

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|Convection | |

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[pic]

7. The Earth’s Radiation Budget (pg.367-369)

a) According to the above diagram, the sun’s energy is both reflected and absorbed. What sorts of things are involved in the reflection of the sun’s rays?

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b) What is the difference between “reflection” and “radiation”? (pg 362) Explain.

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c) What factors would affect the amount of energy absorbed by the land? Discuss.

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d) What effect does climate change have on plants and animals? Discuss



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8. Seasons and the Earth’s Tilt (pg. 357-359)

Visit these links to learn about how the Earth’s tilt affects the seasons







a) What is the angle of the tilt of the Earth’s axis (Angle of Inclination)? How does the Earth’s tilt affect the seasons?

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b) Describe solar insolation?

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c) How does the angle of incidence affect solar insolation?

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d) Describe the 2 solstices and the 2 equinoxes?

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9. Atmospheric Pressure and Energy Transfer Visit the 2 links below and answer the questions.





a) Describe atmospheric pressure and convection currents.

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b) What are “trade winds”? (pg. 374), Label each of the trade winds on the picture.

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|Image from: |

10. The Coriolis Effect (pg.373-373) Watch the videos to learn about this concept.





a) Write down what the Coriolis Effect means in your own words.

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Now watch these clips:



b) How does the Coriolis Effect affect wind patterns and overall climate?

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11. The Greenhouse Effect (pg. 411-415)

Use the following resources to answer the questions below.





a) What are the 3 types of incoming radiation from the Sun?

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b) Why does some of the incoming energy get trapped?

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c) What main gases contribute towards the greenhouse effect?

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d) How do greenhouse gases affect the climate?

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d) Watch the following video

What type of reaction was occurring in the mines of Centralia? What effects did this have on the environment? What effects did it have on the humans living in Centralia?

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12. Climatographs (pg. 403-405)

A climatograph is a graphical representation of climate data for a specific region and time period.

The climate data includes: average monthly temperature (line graph) and total monthly precipitation (bar graph). Months of the year are recorded on the x-axis. Precipitation (mm) is recorded on the

left y-axis and temperature (ºC) is recorded on the right y-axis.

How to make a climatograph -

On google images, find the climatographs of 2 cities that you would love to visit, and fill in the following table with the range of values you find for precipitation and temperature and best months to visit!

1. NAME OF THE CITY:

|PRECIPITATION DESCRIPTION |TEMPERATURE DESCRIPTION |

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2. NAME OF THE CITY:

|PRECIPITATION DESCRIPTION |TEMPERATURE DESCRIPTION |

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13. Biomes of the World (pg. 391-402)

A biome is a major geographic region with similar environmental conditions and life forms. Some examples of terrestrial (land) biomes are: (from least biologically diverse to most diverse)

Use the following links to study the various biomes of the world and summarize a few key points in the chart below:

and



Tundra:

Desert:

Tropical rainforest:

| |Location |Climate |Plants |Animals |Adaptations |

|Tundra | | | | | |

|Taiga | | | | | |

|Deciduous Forest | | | | | |

|Grassland | | | | | |

|Rainforest | | | | | |

|Desert | | | | | |

14. Humans and Climate Change

The Global Impact of Climate Change on Humans



What could potentially happen to human health with an increasing global climate change?

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Does the data from this website show that climate change is occurring?

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Describe 4 areas affected by climate change.

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THAT’S IT – YOU’RE DONE!! MAKE SURE YOU’VE ANSWERED ALL OF THE SECTIONS.

|Sections 3-14. |Section 1: Specific Heat Capacity Problems |

|Are they complete and accurate? |/14 |

|(2 marks each) | |

|/28 | |

| |Section 2: Heat of Fusion and Vaporization Problems |

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|Overall Mark |Comments: |

|/58 | |

[pic]

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There are NO temperature changes during a PHASE change!!!

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