Restricted Distribution IOC/GLOSS-DRAFT
Restricted Distribution IOC/GLOSS-DRAFT
Paris, May 1999
English Only
INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION
(of UNESCO)
Sixth Session of the IOC Group of Experts on
Global Sea-Level Observing System (GLOSS)
(Toulouse, France; 12-14 May 1999)
GLOSS Development within the IOCARIBE
(IOC Subcommission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions
prepared by: Dr. George A. Maul
Florida Institute of Technology
College of Engineering ( Division of Marine and Environmental Systems
150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne FL 32901-6988 USA)
3 June 1999
GLOSS DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE IOCARIBE
This report updates the Regional GLOSS reports of February 1997, January 1995, October 1992, October 1990, and June 1989 of the IOCARIBE Group of Experts (GE) on Ocean Processes and Climate (OPC). Annex I is a summary of principal GLOSS contacts in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions; it was updated by the member states present at SC-IOCARIBE-VI, April 26-29, 1999 at San Jose, Costa Rica. Several other names not listed in the earlier reports are in this annex; they should be placed on the regular mailings for GLOSS.
A major proposal for CARICOM nations through the Organization of American States to the Global Environment Fund entitled “Caribbean: Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change” (CPACC) has been funded. The plan includes installing and operating eighteen GOES-reporting sea-level/weather stations in eleven countries (see below and Annex I and II). The IOCARIBE GLOSS Regional Coordinator is acting as a technical expert on the project. Although these gauges are limited to CARICOM nations, CPACC will significantly modernize observations especially in the eastern Caribbean, and will act as a model for others to emulate.
During the IOC Workshop on Tsunami Hazards in the Caribbean (May 1996 - St. John, USVI) a summary of existing and near-term funded tide gauges in the IOCARIBE was tabulated; it was updated at SC-IOCARIBE-VI; see Annex II. Sponsors include: GEF/OAS, the Global Environment Fund / Organization of American States for CARICOM countries who are signatories to the 1992 UN Climate Convention; NOAA, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; UK, the United Kingdom; IOC/UNEP, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission / United Nations Environment Programme; Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; and SITD the Sebastian Inlet (Florida) Tax District. Gauge types include Acoustic systems where the water level is measured by timing a sound wave; Float, the standard float-well system; Pressure, an underwater strain gauge; and Bubbler, where water pressure over a stream of gas is proportional to the water level. Transmission systems in some cases are by telephone but usually via the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, GOES. GPS refers to whether or not the tide gauge benchmarks have been located with the Global Positioning System. Finally, ancillary sensors include meteorological (Met.) instruments (wind, air temperature, barometric pressure, etc.), and SST or sea surface temperature devices.
It is clear that the direction of the Regional GLOSS needs to be towards more modernization and real-time telemetering of data, both oceanographic and meteorological (Moores and Maul, 1998). The regional GLOSS Coordinator proposed adopting the Next Generation Water Level Measuring System (NGWLMS) technology of the U.S. National Ocean Survey as the standard system for all future installations (Martin et al., 1996). We recommend that 3-5 NGWLMS per year should be funded and installed in order to make reasonable progress during the next biennium. However, it is noted that this recommendation has not been executed since the 1997 report, and except for the CPACC systems, the net number of operating gauges has declined by at least three.
A sea level data acquisition and analysis workshop was sponsored by the OAS in March 1997, and hosted on the university campus by the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne. The workshop is part of the OAS effort in CPACC with CARICOM (on Internet, see ). The attendees included Kailas Narayan and Ronald Leslie from the Caribbean Meteorological Institute, Charmaine O’Brian Delpesh and Russell Maharaj from the Institute of Marine Affairs, Dale Webber of the University of the west Indies at Mona, Claudio Volonte from the OAS, Douglas Martin (NOAA), J. Lee Chapin (CPACC), and the meeting’s host George Maul from Florida Tech. The two-day course was taught by Patrick Caldwell from the University of Hawaii’s TOGA Sea Level Center. CPACC is a partner of the regional IOCARIBE Sea Level effort; additional information on this aspect of the IOC’s global sea level observing system (GLOSS) can be found on for Internet users.
Other activities of the Regional Coordinator are shown in the selected references (Annex III). They include the workshop on Small Island Oceanography (Maul, 1996); INSMAP’98, the Fourth International Symposium on Marine Positioning (Kumar et al., 1998); the University of Puerto Rico Workshop on Caribbean Tsunamis (Mercado, 1997); technique development in quantifying sea level rise (Pugh and Maul, 1999); and participation in IPCC Working Group II (Bilsma et al., 1996). Annex IV is input to GLOSS by CPACC.
Several other issues of ongoing needs include improving the reliability of the information in Annex I and II, and the need for a sea-level/weather training course conducted in Spanish within the region. Regarding the first issue, improved information gathering and reporting, it is recommended that the IOC assess the state of instrumentation in the Spanish-speaking region of IOCARIBE by funding a mission. The information for the English-speaking region seems up to date because of the CPACC (Annex III and IV) project. It is recommended that Lic. Alejandro Gutierrez, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (q.v. Annex I and II) be commissioned to make such a mission, particularly to Central America, Cuba, Hispanola, and the Netherlands Antilles.
Regarding the sea-level/weather workshop, it is proposed that the IOC fund said training as a TEMA (Training, Education, and Mutual Assistance) project. It is recommended that the International Ocean Institute Office, in Hereida, Costa Rica conduct the workshop. The primary instructor should be Lic. Alejandro Gutierrez, IOI-Costa Rica Director, who is a graduate of the Bidston UK training course. Both Lic. Gutierrez and the IOI are well positioned to select persons who will make a long-term contribution to the technical operations of the tide gauges, as well as being committed to the Regional GLOSS activities of IOCARIBE. It is recommended that the workshop be conducted after the proposed mission.
Finally, the joint activities of the Regional GLOSS and the IOCARIBE Tsunami Steering Group of Experts needs to be highlighted. Lander et al. (1999) have documented the tsunami hazard in the region and have noted that as many or more lives have been lost in the region in the last 150 years as Hawaii, Alaska, and then US West Coast combined (Annex V). Mercado and McCann (1998) have calculated the wave behavior of the 1918 Puerto Rico earthquake and tsunami, and have reported that our knowledge of bottom topography is the central limiting factor in understanding these destructive sea waves. A repeat of the great Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami of 1867 (Watlington and Lincoln, 1997) is the immediate fear of those in attendance at the three tsunami workshops since 1996. The IOCARIBE Tsunami Steering Group of Experts have written a proposal to be submitted to the IOC Executive Committee via the ICG/ITSU (Annex VI). This proposal “Intra-Americas Sea Tsunami Warning System” was unanimously approved by SC-IOCARIBE-VI on April 26, 1999. The central role of GLOSS in this effort will be to broker real-time sea-level reporting. The experience of CPACC and of the ITSU will be called upon in designing this regional facility.
ANNEX I IOC/GLOSS-IOCARIBE Region
IOCARIBE Regional GLOSS Contact Points
Ing. Luis Alvardo
Hydromet Division
Panama Canal Commission
APO Miami FL 34011
Venzcia Aluarez
IOCARIBE-Rep. Dom.
Secretaria Relaciones Exteriores
Apartado Postal 1591
Santo Domingo, DOMINICA REPUBLIC
Tel: (809) 567-4562
Fax: (809) 412-5341
Email: cibima@
Ing. Diana Araúz
Autoridad Maritima de Panamá
Edificio 5534, Diablo Heights Apartado 8062
Panamá 7, PANAMÁ
Fax: (507) 23207704
Email: digerema@
Capitan de Fragata Jairo Peña Gomez
Centro de Investigaciones Oceanograficas e Hidrograficas
Apartado Aereo 982
Cartagena, COLOMBIA
Prof. Ruben Aparicio
Instituto Oceanografico de Venezuela
Universidad de Oriente
Cumana, VENEZUELA
Tel: 58 (93) 302417
Fax: 58 (93) 512276
Dr. Thomas Bailey
Caribbean Marine Research Center
805 East 46 Place
Vero Beach FL 32963 USA
Tel: (407) 234-9931
Email: tbailey@
Dr. Patricio Bernal (EX OFFICIO)
Executive Secretary, IOC
UNESCO, 7, PLACE DE FONTENOY
75700 Paris FRANCE
Email: p.bernal@
Dr. Bradford Brown, IOCARIBE
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service
75 Virginia Beach Drive
Miami FL 33149 USA
Tel: (305) 361-5761
brad.brown@
Mr. Patrick Caldwell, Data Manager
Joint Archive for Sea Level
UH Sea Level Center/World Data Center-A
University of Hawaii
1000 Pope Road, MSB 317
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
Tel: (808) 956-4105
Fax: (808) 956-2352 or 808-956-410
Email: caldwell@kapau.soest.hawaii.edu
Dr. Gillian Cambers
Sea Grant College Program
University of Puerto Rico
P.O. Box 5000
Mayaguez, PR 00681-5000
Tel: (809) 832-3583
Fax: (809) 265-2880
Mr. J. Lee Chapin
615 19th Avenue, NE
St. Petersburg FL 33704 USA
Tel: (813) 822-1453
Fax: (813) 822-6448
Email: chapin_l@
Mr. Hollis Charles
CARICOM Secretariat
P.O. Box 1113
Port of Spain, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
Dr. Anthony Coates, Deputy Director
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - Panama
Unit 0948
APO AA 34002-0948
Balboa, PANAMA
Tel: (507) 276017
Dr. Christian Colin
Centre OSTROM de Cayenne
B.P. 165
97323 Cayenne, Cedex, GUYANE FRANCAISE
Dr. A.J. Dania, Director
Meteorological Service
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
Seru Mahuma z/n
Curacao, NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
Dr. John E. Davies
Mosquito Research and Control Unit
P.O.Box 486
Grand Cayman
CAYMAN ISLANDS, BWI
Ms. Maria Concepcion Donoso
CATHALAC
Albrook, Edif. 803B
P.O. Box 873372
Panama 7, REPUBLIC OF PANAMA
Tel: (507) 232-6851
Fax: (507) 232-6834
Email: cathalac@
Dr. Artemio Gallegos G.
Laboratorio de Oceanographia Fisica
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limologia
U.N.A.M. Apdo. Postal 70-305
Codigo: 04510
Cuidad Universitaria, D.F., MEXICO
Tel: 52-5-622-5792
Fax: 52-5-548-2582
Email: gallegos@mar.icmyl.unam.mx
Lic. Guillermo Garcia Montero
Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
Acuario Nacional Cuba
Ave. 1ra. y Calle 60
C. 11300. ZP 13
Miramar, Cuidad de La Habana, CUBA
Tel: 29-3504, 22-4691
Fax: 537-331-442
Dr. Alejandro Gutierrez
IOI-COSTA RICA
Universidad Nacional
P.O. Box 86
Heredia, COSTA RICA
Tel: (506) 277-3594
Fax: (506) 260-2546
Email: gechever@samara.una.ac.cr
Mr. Christopher Hall, Acting Director of Fisheries
Ministry of Natural Resources
Grand Turk
TURKS & CAICOS, W.I.
Dr. Manuel L. Hernandez
Department of Marine Sciences
University of Puerto Rico
Recinto Universitario de Mayaguez
Mayaguez PR 00681-5000
Tel: (809) 832-3585
Fax: (809) 265-2880
Mr. D.K. Jaigopaul, Chief Meteorological Officer
Hydrometeorological Service
Ministry of Agriculture
Homestretch Avenue
Durban Park
Georgetown, GUYANA
Tel: 592-2-61460
Fax: 592-2-59192
Mr. Tim Kasten
UNEP/RCU
14-20 Port Royal Street
Kingston, JAMAICA
Tel: (876) 922-9267
Fax: (876) 922-9292
Email: uneprcja@
Dr. Anthony Knapp
Bermuda Biological Station for Research
Ferry Reach, GE 01
BERMUDA
Tel: (809) 297-1880
Dr. Omar Lizano
Centro de Investigones en Ciencias del Mar (CIMAR)
Universidad de Costa Rica
San Jose, COSTA RICA
Fax: (506) 225-5822
Mr. Douglas M. Martin
NOAA/NOS N/CS13
SSMC3, Station 7853
1305 East-West Highway
Silver Spring MD 20910-3233 USA
Tel: 301-713-2897 x 200
Fax: 301-713-4581/4501
Email: doug.martin@
Dr. George A. Maul
Florida Institute of Technology
Division of Marine and Environmental Systems
150 West University Boulevard
Melbourne FL 32901 USA
Tel: (407) 674-7453
Fax: (407) 674-7212
Email: gmaul@fit.edu
Prof. Aurelio Mercado
Department of Marine Sciences
University of Puerto Rico
Mayaguez PR 00681-5000
Tel: (809) 834-4040
Email: a_mercado@rumac.uprm.edu,
Dr. Christopher N.K. Mooers
Rosenstiel School of marine and Atmospheric Science
University of Miami
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami FL 33149 USA
Tel: (305) 361-4088
Email: cmooers@rsmas.miami.edu
Mr. Nowbutt, Head (acting)
Hydrographic Surveying Unit
c/o Lands and Surveys Division
18 Abercromby Street
Port of Spain, TRINIDAD & TABOGO
Dr. Leonard A. Nurse
Coastal Zone Management Unit
Bay Street
St. Michael
BARBADOS WI
Tel: (246) 288-5955
Fax: (246) 228-5956
Email: Lnurse@.bb
Dr. John Ogden (CARICOMP)
Florida Institute of Oceanography
830 First Street South
St. Petersburg FL 33701 USA
Tel: (727) 553-1100
Fax: (727) 553-1109
Email: jogden@marine.usf.edu
Dr. David T. Pugh
Southampton Oceanography Centre
Empress Dock
Southampton SO14 3HZ
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: (44) 170-359-6611
Fax: (44) 170-359-6395
Email: David.T.Pugh@soc.soton.ac.uk
Dr. Guillermo Quiros
Laboratorio de Oceanografia Fisica
Universidad Nacional
3000 Heredia, COSTA RICA
Tel: (506) 37-6363
Fax: (506) 37-4111
Dr. Laverne E. Ragster
Vice President of Research & Public Service
University of the Virgin Islands
St. Thomas USVI 00802
Ing. Jean-Francios Remy
Service Maritime et de Navigation d’Haiti
P.O. Box 724
1563 Port-au-Prince, HAITI
Mr. Eddy Hardie Sanchez
INSIVUMEH
7 Avenida 14-57, Zona 13
Cuidad de Guatemala, GUATEMALA
Dr. Julio Sheinbaum
CICESE
A.P. 2732
Ensenada, B.C., 22800 MEXICO
Tel: 67-4-45-01 x 4037
Mr. Dewitt Smith
Everglades National Park
P.O. Box 279
Homestead FL 33030 USA
Tel: (305) 242-7800
Mr. Alan Soulan, Director
Service Meteorologique Interregional
Route du General Brosset, BP 645
97262 Fort-de-France Cedex, MARTINIQUE
Tel: (569) 63-36-71
Fax: (596) 60-18-41
Email: dirag@
Capt. Rafael Steer (EX OFFICIO)
IOCARIBE Secretariat
A.A. 1108
Cartagena, COLOMBIA
Tel: (575) 664-6399
Fax: (575) 660-0407
Email: siocarib@col3..co
Dr. Edward L. Towle, President
Island Resources Foundation
6296 Estate Nazareth #11
St. Thomas USVI 00802-1104
Email: etowle@
Mr. Jan Vermeiren
Organization of American States
17th Street and Constitution Ave, NW
Washington DC 20006 USA
Tel: (202) 458-3595
Email: vermeiren_jan@
Prof. Roy A. Watlington
University of the Virgin Islands
Eastern Caribbean Center
St. Thomas USVI 00802
Tel: (809) 693-1391
Email: rwatlin@uvi.edu
Mr. Philip Weech (or Mr. Glen Archer)
Water and Sewerage Corporation
Ministry of Works & Utilities Building
P.O. Box N-3905
Nassau, BAHAMAS
Tel: (809) 322-2799
Mr. W. Douglas Wilson
NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
4301 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami FL 33149 USA
Tel: (305) 361-4352
Fax: (305) 361-4412
Email: wilson@aoml.
Dr. Philip L. Woodworth
Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level
IOS, Bidston Observatory
Bidston, Birkenhead L43 7RA, UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: (44) 151-563-8633
Fax: (44) 151-653-6269
Email: plw@mail.nerc-bidston.ac.uk
Dr. Susanna Zerbini
Dipartimento di Fisicia
Settore di Geofisica
Viale Berti Pichat 8
40127 Bolonga, ITALY
Email: ZERBINI@astbo1.r.it
ANNEX II
|Country / Site |Latitude** |Longitude** |Sponsor |Gauge |Trans- |GPS |Ancillary Sensors |
| |(north) |(west) | |Type |mission | | |
|Antigua & Barbuda: Parham |17° 07' |61° 50' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Aruba: Sint Nicolas |12° 26' |69° 54' |IOC/UNEP |Pressure |None |No |None* |
|Bahamas: Lee Stocking Island |23° 47' |76° 04' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Great Inagua |20° 56' |73°40' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Nassau |25° 05' |77° 20' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Settlement Point |26° 30' |78° 46' |NOAA |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Barbados: Bridgetown |13° 05' |59° 37' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Belize: Belize City |17° 30' |88° 11' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Bermuda: St. Georges |32° 23' |64° 41' |UK |Pressure |None |No |None |
|Cayman Islands: Georgetown |19° 18' |81° 26' |UK |Float |None |No |None |
|Colombia: Cartagena |10° 19' |75° 35' |NOAA |Float |None |No |None |
|Costa Rica: Puerto Limon |10° 00' |83° 01' |Finland |Pressure |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Cuba: Cabo San Antonio |21° 52' |84° 57' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Gibara |21° 07' |76° 07' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Guantanamo Bay |19° 53' |75° 10' |IOC/UNEP |Acoustic |GOES |No |None* |
|Siboney |23° 09' |82° 21' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Dominica: Roseau |15° 17' |61° 24' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Dominican Republic: Puerto Plata |19° 49' |70° 41' |National |Bubbler |None |No |None |
|Barahona |18° 11' |71° 07' |National |Bubbler |None |No |None |
|France: Cayene |4° 56' |52° 20' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Kourou |5° 12' |52° 39' |National |Pressure |None |No |None |
|Fort-de-France |14° 36 |61° 05' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Basse Terre |16° 00' |61° 44' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Grenada: Prickly Bay |12° 03' |61° 45' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Guyana: Berbice River |6° 12' |57° 29' |IOC/UNEP |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Georgetown |6° 50' |58° 10' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Honduras: Cochino Pequeño |15° 57' |86° 30' |Smithsonian |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Jamaica: Port Royal |17° 56' |76° 51' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Discovery Bay |18° 28' |77° 24' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Mexico: Progresso |21° 17' |89° 40' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Puerto Morelos |20° 50' |86° 52' |NOAA |Float |None |No |None |
|Tampico |22° 13' |97° 51' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Veracruz |19° 12' |96° 08' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Netherlands Antilles: Curaço |12° 07' |68° 56' |National |Float |None |No |None |
|Panama: Coco Solo |9° 22' |79° 54' |Canal Zone |Pressure |None |No |None |
|St. Kitts & Nevis: Basse Terre |17° 26' |62° 48' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|St. Lucia: Castries |14° 01' |61° 00' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|St. Vincent: Kingston |13° 09' |61° 14' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Trinidad & Tobago: Charlotteville |11° 20' |60° 33' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Guayaguayre |10° 09' |61° 03' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Port-of-Spain |10° 39' |61° 31' |GEF/OAS |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Turks&Caicos: South Caicos |21° 30' |71° 31' |IOC/UNEP |Acoustic |GOES |No |Met., SST* |
|USA: Fernandina Beach |30° 40' |81° 27' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Miami (Virginia Key) |25° 47' |80° 11' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Key West |24° 33' |81° 49' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Naples |26° 10' |81° 48' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Clearwater Beach |27° 57' |82° 48' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Cedar Key |29° 08' |83° 06' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Pensacola |30° 24' |87° 13' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Grand Isle |29° 14' |89° 59' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Galveston Pier 21 |29° 19' |94° 47' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Port Isabel |26° 05' |97° 16' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|San Juan PR |18° 28' |66° 07' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|La Parguera PR |17° 59' |67° 03' |National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Lime Tree Bay USVI |17° 42' |64° 45' |National National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Charlotte Amalie USVI |18° 21' |64° 54' |National National |Acoustic |GOES |Yes |Met., SST |
|Venezuela: Cumana |10° 25' |64° 17' | |Float |None |No |None |
|La Guaira |10° 37' |66° 56' | |Float |None |No |None |
*Out of Order
**From Appendix S "Maritime Positions", American Practical Navigator, H.O. No. 9, Washington, DC, 1962
ANNEX III Selected References
Bilsma, L.; C.N. Ehler, R.J.T. Klein, S.M. Kulshrestha, R.F. McLean, N. Mimura, R.J. Nicholls, L.A. Nurse, H. Pérez-Nieto, E.Z. Stakhiv, R.K. Turner, R.A. Warrick; W.N. Adger, D. Bilan, B.E. Brown, D.L. Elder, V.M. Gornitz, K. Hofius, P.M. Holligan, F.M.J. Hoozemans, D. Hopely, Y. Hosokawa, G.A. Maul, K. McInnes, D. Richardson, S. Subak, M. Sullivan, L. Vallianos, W.R. White, P.L. Woodworth, and Y. Huating, 1996. Coastal Zones and Small Islands. In: R.E. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (editors), Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp: 289-324.
Kumar, M., G.A. Maul, and G. Seeber (editors), 1998. INSMAP’98: International Partnership in Marine Positioning. ©Marine Technology Society, in press.
Lander, J.F., K.F. O’Loughlin, and L.S. Whiteside, 1999. Caribbean Tsunamis: A 500-Year History, 1498 to 1998. Natural Hazards (in press).
Martin, D.M., J.L. Chapin, and G.A. Maul, 1996. State-of-the-art sea level and meteorological monitoring systems in the Intra-Americas Sea. Mar. Geod. J. , 19(2): 105-114.
Maul, G.A. (author/editor), 1996. Small Islands: Marine Science and Sustainable Development. ©American Geophysical Union, Coastal and Estuarine Studies No. 51, Washington, 467 pp.
Maul, G.A., 1999. On the role of IOCARIBE in a Caribbean Tsunami System: Science, Engineering, Management, and Education. Mar. Geod. J., 22(1), pp: 53-62.
Mercado, A., 1997. Overlooked threat of tsunamis to the Caribbean discussed. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 78(50): December 16, 1997.
Mercado, A., and W. McCann, 1998. Numerical Simulation of the 1918 Puerto Rico Tsunami. Natural Hazards, 18, pp: 57-76.
Mooers, C.N.K., and G.A. Maul, 1998. Intra-Americas Sea Circulation. Chapter 7 in: A.R. Robinson and K.H. Brink (editors), The Sea, Volume 11, ( John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp: 183-208
Pugh, D.T., and G.A. Maul, 1999. Coastal Sea Level Prediction for Climate Change. In: C.N.K. Mooers (editor), Coastal Ocean Prediction. © American Geophysical Union, Coastal and Estuarine Studies No. 56, pp: 377-404.
Watlington, R.A., and S.H. Lincoln, 1997. Disaster and Disruption in 1867: Hurricane, Earthquake, and Tsunami in the Danish West Indies. Eastern Caribbean Center, 131 pp.
ANNEX IV GE-GLOSS-VI Abstract
CARIBBEAN: PLANNING FOR ADAPTATION TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
A regional sealevel/weather network contributing to the Global Sea Level Observing System
of the IOC’s Global Ocean Observing System
by
George A. Maul1 , Jan C. Vermeiren2, Claudio Volonte2, Douglas M. Martin3, and J. Lee Chapin2
ABSTRACT
Caribbean: Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change (CPACC), is a joint project of member states of CARICOM, funded by the Global Environment Fund through the World Bank, and administered by the Organization of American States and the University of the West Indies. CPACC includes many components beyond sealevel and weather monitoring, but for the purposes of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission GLOSS and GOOS programs, this abstract will focus on the measuring system. CPACC sealevel/weather gauges consist of digital acoustic water level and meteorological sensors transmitted via GOES from eighteen sites in CARICOM countries (Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Trinidad & Tobago). Coverage thus includes much of the eastern Caribbean Sea, with sites in northeastern South America, Central America, Bahamas, and the Straits of Florida. Water level is logged every six minutes, sea and air temperature, barometric pressure, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind velocity (speed and direction) are logged every fifteen minutes. All data are transmitted every three hours to a central archiving site operating temporarily at the equipment vendor’s site until it is established permanently at the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH- Barbados). These data can be down-linked from GOES, or acquired by ftp via the Internet from the CIMH, and thus are available to the oceanographic and meteorological communities at large. The sealevel/weather systems in CPACC are also geo-referenced by first-order GPS surveys. This unique positioning will allow in time, separation of the relative sealevel change from the vertical motion of the water level gauge. Initial precision of these GPS-located bench marks is ( 10 mm (with precision of connection from the GPS benchmark to the water level gauge of ( 1 mm), which should allow determination of the local land motion to within adequate values in a decade or so. The CPACC project is also unique in that a Trust Fund has been established to provide financial support well into the future for annual servicing, sensor calibration, and repair. This CPACC model of a regional intergovernmental organization (the OAS), working with the GEF through the WB to create a permanent CARICOM observational network, is a model for other regions to consider in their need to quantify the effects of global change and other natural hazards on the local environment.
1. Florida Institute of Technology, College of Engineering, Division of Marine & Environmental Systems, Melbourne FL 32901 USA
2. Organization of American States, Unit of Sustainable Development & Environment, Washington DC 20006 USA
3. NOAA National Ocean Service, Coast Survey Development Laboratory, Silver Spring MD 20910 USA
ANNEX V IUGG'99 Abstract
ATLANTIC OCEAN TSUNAMI HAZARDS:
Call for an Intra-Americas Sea Tsunami System
GEORGE A. MAUL, Chairman, IOCARIBE Tsunami Steering Group of Experts
Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne FL 32901 USA
Tsunami events have been recorded in Atlantic Ocean since antiquity, and by Europeans in the Intra-Americas Sea (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Guianas) since the 16th century. These events are both local in origin and from distant sources, but occur at the rate of several severe occurrences per century. The great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 for example created 6 and 7 meter-high teletsunami waves in the Lesser Antilles. In the last 150 years, tsunamis have been the cause of more deaths in the Caribbean (369*) than in Alaska (121), Hawaii (275), or the US West Coast (18). Although there have been deadly tsunamis in the Intra-Americas Sea this century (1918: 42 persons, 1946: 100 persons -*1,790 persons by some reports), it is the event of 1867 in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, that is most reminiscent of the 1998 occurrence in Papua New Guinea.
Preventing a major disaster was the focus of a May 1996 scientific meeting, initiated in 1995 by the IOC and hosted by the University of the Virgin Islands on St. John. In June 1997 a public workshop was held at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. At Mayaguez, there were approximately 150 concerned citizens of the region, civil defense and government officials, scientists, and tsunami warning experts, both local and from abroad. In July 1997 the US Head of State was formally informed of recommendations made at the Mayaguez workshop. It focused on four mitigation measures: education, warning, management, and research. It is important to note that the US Federal "Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Implementation Plan" (April 1996) has no Atlantic component.
The Intra-Americas Sea clearly should have a tsunami element integrated into the regional Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Indeed, calling for the creation of an Atlantic Tsunami Warning Center would not be inappropriate.
ANNEX VI IUGG'99 Abstract
ELEMENTS OF A TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM FOR THE INTRA-AMERICAS SEA
GEORGE A. MAUL, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne FL 32901 USA, and Douglas M. Martin, NOAA National Ocean Survey, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910 USA
At a series of workshops (Barbados, 1995; St. John, 1996; Puerto Rico, 1997; Miami, 1998) the case has been made for significant tsunami hazards in the Intra-Americas Sea (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Guianas). For example, since the great 1867 US Virgin Islands earthquake and 9 meter-high tsunami, the population density of the region has increased 10-fold, infrastructure development has progressed without a notable natural hazards component, and governments seem to be oblivious to the risk. Accordingly, four essentials comprise the proposed Intra-Americas Sea Tsunami Hazards System: Education, Warning, Management, and Research.
The first order of business is to better educate the populace through public information, K-12 student indoctrination, video and other multi-media products, workshops, and popular press articles. The warning component should capitalize on the recently established CPACC (Caribbean Planning for Climate Change) sea-level/weather GOES-reporting network, on existing seismic and meteorological reporting and warning systems, and on active participation with the ICG/ITSU (International Co-ordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific). Management issues include: integration with other natural hazards warning systems; exploration for funds; local warning and evacuation; search and rescue; fire suppression; emergency medical services; damage assessment; inter- and intra-governmental coordination; and, damage and hazard analysis. Research needs are: improved resolution bottom relief data; travel time maps for population centers; earthquake magnitude / depth thresholds; tsunami wave arrival amplitude estimation; potential for Kick’em Jenny and Soufriere (Montserrat) eruption; tsunami and earthquake history improvements; fault locations, activity, and tsunamigenic mechanisms; inundation maps; GPS stations for crustal motion monitoring; and loss estimation studies, amongst others.
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