Social Studies 30-1



Social Studies 30-1 Name: _____________

Perspectives on Ideology

Key Issue: To what extent should we embrace an ideology?

Related Issue #3: To what extent are the principles of

liberalism viable?

Chapter 9: Imposing Liberalism

Chapter Issue: To what extent, and for whom, has the imposition of liberalism been

successful?

Chapter Overview:

During your study of Chapter 9, you will examine Aboriginal experiences of the imposition of liberalism, as well as examples of liberalism imposed on people abroad.

You will explore differences between Aboriginal and European liberal ideologies, attempts to assimilate First Nations, Métis, and Inuit (FNMI) peoples into non-Aboriginal Canadian society, and efforts to resolve some of the issues facing Aboriginal peoples. You will also consider how people in other countries have been affected by the imposition of modern liberalism.

Two questions for inquiry will guide your investigations. They include:

• To what extent has the imposition of liberalism affected Aboriginal groups in Canada?

• To what extent has the imposition of liberalism today affected people globally?

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|Key Terms |assimilation, humanitarianism, Indian Act |

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|Key Concepts |Analyzing perspectives on the imposition of the principles of liberalism on people. |

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|Key People |Harold Cardinal, Haudenosaunee Confederacy, Sir John A. Macdonald, National Indian Brotherhood, Nisga’a|

| |Nation, Pierre Trudeau, Tony Blair, George W. Bush, Canadian troops in Afghanistan, Duvalier/Aristide |

| |(Haiti), Robert Mugabe, Dominique de Villepin, Fareed Zakaria |

Read and highlight the following information before proceeding to the activities that accompany this assignment.

Background Information

Canada’s Constitution Act (1982) defines Aboriginal people as those who are Indians (First Nations), Métis or Inuit. Aboriginal peoples reflect diverse histories, interests and perspectives. Their languages, ethnicities and culture vary widely, as do their beliefs, customs and traditions. What collectively defines Aboriginal people is their shared ancestry – they are the descendants of the original peoples of North America.

It is important to note that historical context, geographic location, and perspective (e.g., government or a group itself) play an important role in determining the most appropriate terminology when discussing specific groups and nations:

✓ Referring to the specific name of a particular group (e.g., Nisga'a Nation) rather

than using a general term (e.g., Aboriginal peoples) is the most respectful use of terminology, as doing so respects the diversity and identities of peoples.

✓ In Canada, the term Aboriginal peoples, which includes First Nations, Métis,

and Inuit peoples, is the acceptable general term to employ when a specific group is not being named.

✓ Outside of Canada, the term Indigenous peoples is the acceptable general

term to employ when discussing first peoples.

✓ Prior to adoption of the term Aboriginal peoples, the term Native was often used

in legislative contexts; today you may still see the term Native used in newspapers and other media, but note that Aboriginal peoples is the more appropriate general term.

✓ The term Indian is considered offensive to many in Canada but is actually

preferred by others outside of Canada (e.g., some groups in the United States)

who use this term in a different context.

Indian Act: Canadian legislation first passed in 1876 and amended many times since then; defines an Indian in relation to federal obligation and sets out a series of regulations applying to Indians living on reserves. Canadian federal legislation first passed in 1876 and amended several times since. It sets out certain federal government obligations and regulates the management of Indian reserve lands, Indian moneys and other resources. Among its many provisions, the Indian Act currently requires the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development to manage certain moneys belonging to First Nations and Indian lands, and to approve or disallow First Nations by-laws.

Potlatch: A highly regulated event historically common to most Northwest Coast native groups. The potlatch, from the Chinook word Patshatl, validated status, rank and established claims to names, powers and privileges. Wealth in the form of utilitarian goods such as blankets, carved cedar boxes, food and fish or canoes, and prestige items such as slaves and coppers were accumulated to be bestowed on others or even destroyed with great ceremony. Potlatches were held to celebrate initiation, to mourn the dead, or to mark the investiture of chiefs in a continuing series of often competitive exchanges between clans, lineages and rival groups. A great potlatch could be many years in the making, might last for several days, and would involve fasting, spirit dances, theatrical demonstrations and distribution of gifts. An intolerant federal government banned the potlatch from 1884 to 1951, ostensibly because of native treatment of property. The last major potlatch, that of Daniel Cranmer, a Kwakiutl from Alert Bay, was held in 1921. However, the goods were confiscated by native agents. By the time the ban was repealed in 1951, serious damage had been caused to tribal identities and social stratification. Potlatches are again held again today, but they are not the large affairs they were in the past.

Part One: Aboriginal Experiences of Liberalism in Canada

(Pages 304-316)

1. a) What is the historical significance of the “two row wampum belt”?

b) What was the Haudensoaunee Confederacy and what arrangement did it make

with the European (British) colonial powers?

2. Identify the general laws of relationship and related principles which are common to most Aboriginal cultures.

3. Do you think that the laws and principles mentioned in question #2 are compatible with Classical Liberalism and the Victorian idea of progress? Explain your answer fully.

4. Read carefully the two quotes found on page 307 and answer the questions that follow.

a) How are the conceptions of land described in these quotes different from liberal

ideas of property and ownership?

b) Given the differences between these views and principles of liberalism, what

potential conflicts might arise over land use?

5. Describe briefly the developments in the relations between immigrant settlers and Aboriginal peoples up until the James Bay Agreement of 1975.

6. Why did conflicts arise concerning the “agreements” made between First Nations peoples and the British/Canadian governments?

7. What does the term assimilation mean?

8. What methods did Canadian governments employ to assimilate Aboriginal peoples?

9. a) What was the Gradual Civilization Act of 1957 and what did it entail?

b) Why do you think only one person agreed to be enfranchised?

c) How does this policy reflect the imposition of liberalism on Canada’s First

Nations?

10. What was the purpose of the Indian Act of 1876 and what was its significance up until 1982?

11. Explain how the Indian Act of 1876 differed from the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

12. What was the goal of Pierre Trudeau’s government when they issued the White Paper? How was the White Paper received by First Nations peoples and in particular the National Indian Brotherhood?

13. a) How does the Red Paper counter the government’s attempt to impose liberalism

through the policies of its White Paper?

b) How does the Red Paper establish a new course of thinking and acting by First

Nations and Inuit people?

14. Even though Harold Cardinal was staunchly opposed to the Indian Act, why did he continue to support it??

15. What was the importance for First Nations of the patriation of the Constitution in 1982?

16. Explain the nature and significance of the Nisga’a Final Agreement.

17. a) Why was the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples formed in 1991?

b) What were some of the Royal Commission’s recommendations?

18. What is the Aboriginal Healing Foundation and how were its goals implemented?

19. Read carefully the Voices Feature: The Potlatch on pages 315 and 316 and answer the questions that follow.

a) What is the hypocrisy that Chief Maquinna sees in the government’s actions to stop the potlatch?

b) Why was the government so determined to end the potlatch?

c) How are these actions by the government ideologically driven? Could it be argued

that this is an example of imposing liberalism on First Nations people?

Part Two: Bringing Liberalism to the World (Pages 318-331)

1. Explain the difference between liberalism based on self-interest and liberalism based on humanitarianism.

2. Would you consider Woodrow Wilson’s insistence that democracy be an essential component of the peace treaties with Germany and its allies after World War One as imposing liberalism for reasons of self-interest or humanitarianism? Explain your response fully by supplying well reasoned argumentation.

3. Explain the apparent connection between liberalism, economic self-interest, and security.

4. a) Why did the United States and many other countries—including Britain and

Canada—invade Afghanistan in 2001?

b) How did Tony Blair (Prime Minister of Britain) and George W. Bush (President of

the United States) justify their countries involvement in Afghanistan?

5. Why did the United States invade Iraq in 2003? From an international perspective, what was the difference between American involvement in Afghanistan and their invasion of Iraq?

6. Read carefully the quote by Dominique de Villepin on page 321 and answer the questions that follow.

a) What is de Villepin’s main argument for not invading Iraq? What does this say

about the imposition of liberalism in other countries?

b) What were the repercussions on countries that refused to join the American-led

“war on terror”?

7. Altruism (Humanitarianism): the situation demands intervention for moral or

ethical reasons, such as the improvement of the living conditions of the

population.

Besides the argument for self-interest, could the altruistic argument be used to justify American intervention in both Afghanistan and Iraq? Explain fully by supplying evidence and well reasoned argumentation.

8. Read carefully the Voices Feature: Canada’s Involvement in Afghanistan on pages 323 and 324 and answer the questions that follow.

a) How do you think most Afghan citizens view the presence of foreign troops in their country? How often do you hear accounts of Afghans’ opinions about the UN mission in the news reports?

b) Do you think Canada has a responsibility to protect the new democratic system in Afghanistan? If so, what limits, if any, should be placed on that responsibility?

9. Read carefully the section “Reactions to Foreign Liberalism” on pages 324 and 325 and answer the questions that follow.

a) Who is Robert Mugabe? Describe his policies that have brought both domestic and international criticism.

b) Should the international community intervene in Zimbabwe and remove Mugabe from power?

10. Do you think there are circumstances in which a country’s stability and public security are more important than the citizens’ right to democratic self-determination? Why or why not?

11. a) Do you think it is realistic to expect non-liberal regimes to convert to liberal

democracies simply by holding free and fair elections?

b) What conditions do you think are necessary for a liberal democracy to survive

and flourish?

12. According to Fareed Zakaria (page 328), why do democratic political systems fail? What historical evidence is given that would support his claims?

13. According to Tom Keating and Lucie Edwards, the survival of a country’s political institution rests with whom?

14. Read carefully the Investigation Feature: Haiti’s Troubled Democracy on pages 326 and 327 and complete the activities below.

a) Complete the vertical timeline below by describing the event(s) that occurred during the year indicated.

1804—

1957—

1964—

1971—

1986—

1990—

1994—

1996—

2001—

2004—

2006—

b) Does the political cartoon on page 327 reflect the conclusions derived from your timeline constructed in question #14 a)?

c) Written Response:

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|Since June of 2004, the United Nations have maintained an international peacekeeping mission in Haiti involving |

|soldiers and police officers from 41 countries, including Canada. As of January 2008, there were 9,000 UN |

|peacekeepers in Haiti. |

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|Should foreign countries under the leadership of the United Nations intervene in Haiti to maintain liberal |

|democracy? |

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|As part of your response refer to the quotes of John McNee and Pierre Pettigrew. |

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|Be prepared to turn your written response in for evaluation. |

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