Ecology Unit Notes:



Ecology Unit Notes:

What are the Characteristics of Life?

❖ All organisms on Earth share certain characteristics.

❖ The actual definition of life isn’t that simple though

❖ Some things show some, but not all of the characteristics of life.

1. All organisms are made of _____________

a. Cells are the smallest ____________________________

2. All organisms need ___________________

a. Any living organism needs energy to live

b. They take in and use energy.

3. All organisms _________________ to the _____________________

a. What happens to an organism depends on the environment they are living in.

4. All organisms ___________________

a. Living organisms can make more of themselves

b. Two types of reproduction: _____________ and ________________

5. All organisms _______________ and __________________

a. Get bigger as they get older

6. All organisms carry __________________

a. Carry their own ______________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________________

7. Internal Balance (________________________)

a. Living things maintain ____________________ internal conditions

b. Examples

i. Temperature

ii. Water Balance

iii. Heart Beat

Ecology:

Ecosystem Structure:

Abiotic: _______________________ parts of the environment.

a. ________________

b. Sunlight

c. ________________

d. Temperature

e. ________________

f. Nutrients

Biotic: _______________ parts of the environment

a) ____________________________

b) _____________________________

c) _____________________________

a. (Bacteria and Fungus)

I. General Organization

a. __________________= any individual living thing

b. __________________ = Individual _________________ of a single species in __________________

c. ___________________= more than one _______________________living in the same area.

d. ___________________= All the __________ and ______________ factors in an area.

e. _______________________= the environment that a particular species prefers within an ecosystem

f. _______________________= the _________ that an organism fills “job”

g. ___________________________= ___________ with similar characteristics.

Characteristics of a Biome

A. No distinct boundaries

B. Defined by types of ________________

C. Similar ______________________________, but may be located in a totally different part of the world ( Africa and Asia)

– Land biomes and water biomes.

II. Ecosystem Structure

A. Autotroph:

Can make their own food through energy from the sun or inorganic substances

AKA: ___________________________

B. Heterotroph:

Obtains energy by eating other organisms,

AKA: ___________________________

C. Types of Consumers:

Primary consumers: eat producers (____________________)

Secondary consumers: eats both producers & consumers (______________________)

Tertiary consumers: top predator (_______________________)

Trophic levels are a way of identifying what ______________________________________ an organism uses.

1st Trophic level= ______________________________

2nd Trophic level= ______________________________

3rd Trophic level= ______________________________

4th Trophic level= ______________________________

Decomposers & Scavengers

A. Decomposers feed on wastes & dead material from all trophic levels

1. Ex: _________________, _________________

B. Scavengers are consumers that eat dead animals (like road kill)

1. Ex: __________________

Energy in an ecosystem is transferred through the trophic levels of that ecosystem

Biomass- __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

1 hawk

10 snakes

100 mice feed

1000 plants feed

****Rule of 10****

Only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next organism

Very few animals feed on only one food source, ____________ are a more accurate picture of how animals feed. [pic]( This is a picture of a FOOD WEB

Biological Magnification

1) The build-up of toxins in living organisms with movement up the __________________________________

2) The _______________________ collect in the organisms at the top of food webs, because they eat so much.

Examples: _____________________________ and __________________________________

IV. Community Interactions

In order to sustain an environment, organisms and abiotic factors interact

A. Symbiosis: _______________________________________________________________________ (3 types)

1. Parasitism: ____________________________________________________( Humans and tape worm)

2. Commensalism: ______________________________________________ (anemone and clown fish)

3. Mutualism: ____________________________________________________________ (rhino and bird)

B. Competition: _____________________________________________________________________

C. Predation: _______________________________________________________________________

D. Ecological Succession: change in the types of species in a community observed over time

1. Primary Succession

i. _________________________________

– Ex: volcanoes, rocks, etc

Steps of Primary Succession

A. ______________________________ → lichens

(Grow on rock & turn it into soil)

❖ Pioneer Species: the first organisms to occupy an area

B. ______________________________

C. ______________________________

D. ______________________________ (ex: pine trees)

E. ______________________________ → stable & final stage (ex: deciduous trees)

i. A community that has achieved _________________ and species _________________

1. Secondary Succession

i. ______________________________________________________ (fire, etc)

A. faster than primary (soil already formed)

ii. Same as primary except pioneer species are ______________________________________________________

iii.

– Climax Community- __________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Succession will cause population growth…

V. Population Growth

A. FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION GROWTH

a) ____________________________

b) ____________________________

c) ____________________________

d) ____________________________

e)

B. TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH

1. Exponential Growth

A. J-shaped curve on a graph

B. Population _____________________ every generation

C. Humans are reproducing this way!

2. Logistic Growth

A. S–shaped curve on graph

B. How _______________________________ looks

C. Populations grow fast early, and then slow down, as we get closer to CARRYING

CAPACITY

C. CARRYING CAPACITY

Biomass and energy transfer at the lowest trophic level determines the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.

1. Carrying Capacity definition: Maximum ___________________________________________________________

- Populations will ________________to carrying capacity, and they ________________again once they have reached it.

2. LIMITS TO POPULATION GROWTH

2. Density-dependent limiting factors:________________________________________________________

Affects: _______________________________________

a. ________________________

b. ________________________ (for shelter, food, water)

c. ________________________(predator eats prey)

3. Density-independent limiting factors:_______________________________________________________

Affects: _______________________________ (crowded or not)

a. ________________________

b. ________________________ (fire, etc)

c. ________________________

VI. Nutrient Cycles

Matter is recycled: All matter essential for life moves in cycles between living things & the environment.

A. Carbon Cycle

❖ What is Carbon?

• basic building block of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds essential to life.

1. Why is carbon important to us?

a) Carbon is used to make _________________________

b) Carbon ______________________ so living things can think, move, etc

c) ____________________ (gas, coal, oil) are made from carbon

2. Where is carbon found in the environment?

a) ________________________ (CO2)

b) ________________ (limestone, diamonds)

c) ________________ (oil, coal, etc.)

3. How does carbon enter living things?

a) CO2 gas ______________________

b) Photosynthesis allows plants to change _________________

c) Animals then get carbon by ______________ the sugar found in plants

4. How does carbon get back into the environment?

a. plants & animals _____________________ during respiration

b. __________________of wood & fossil fuels

c. __________________

d. __________________ (seriously)

e. __________________ - when bacteria break down tissue of dead things

5. How are fossil fuels formed?

a. When living things die & fall to the bottom of water, they are buried & compressed 

b. They eventually form coal, petroleum, or natural gas

6. So what’s the cycle?

The 2 main steps are ____________________________________!

1. Photosynthesis- plants and algae take up CO2 from the air or water to make sugar

2. Cellular Respiration- consumers use sugar for energy and release CO2 into the air or water

7. Future Predictions

• Due to humans using more fossil fuels, _________________________________

• This may result in ____________________________ since CO2 traps heat (remember the greenhouse effect)

[pic]

B. Nitrogen Cycle

• ______________________________________ (N2)

• Living things ___________________________________ (N2)

Why do living things need Nitrogen?

a. To make ______________________________

b. To make ______________________________

Steps of the Cycle

a. Step 1: Nitrogen gas (N2) is found in the atmosphere

b. Step 2: Nitrogen Fixation

• nitrogen is fixed into a usable form like ammonia or nitrates

• This is done by bacteria in soil or bacteria living on the roots of certain plants

• Lightning also “fixes” nitrogen

c. Step 3: Plants then use the ammonia or nitrates in the soil

d. Step 4: Animals get nitrogen from plants

e. Step 5: When plants & animals die, the nitrogen in them is released back into the atmosphere

as a gas (N2)

• This is done by denitrifying bacteria

f. Step 6: Nitrogen gas is released back into the atmosphere

Breaking the Water Cycle

■ The only way for water to get back to the atmosphere is through ____________________ (plant sweating)

■ When we ____________________ they ___________________________

■ So water does not get into the air to become rain

■ The area becomes a ___________________in a very short time period

– Really bad in rainforest regions, because the soil is so shallow

VII. Human Impact

Invasive Species

■ A species that is brought by _______________ into a new environment and _____________________ the ones already there.

Example: Africanized Honey Bees, which will take over the hive of the honey bees.

▪ Keystone Species

■ A species that plays a __________________________ in the __________________________________

■ Increases ________________________ by keeping the number of each species in _____________________

– Examples

■ ____________________________ in the kelp forests

■ ____________________________ in rivers

An Ecological Mystery

➢ Long term study of sea otter population along the _______________________________

➢ 1970: Sea Otters healthy and populations growing

➢ 1990: Sea Otter #’s declining

– Maybe due to emigration, not deaths

➢ 1993: 800 km area in Aleutian Islands studied

– Sea Otter #’s reduced by 50%

–

Vanishing Sea Otters

➢ 1997: Study of area repeated

➢ Sea Otter pop. had declined by 90%

– 1970: > 53,000 Otters in the study area

– 1997: < 6000

➢ Why?

– Reproductive issues

– Starvation, Pollution, Disease?

–

Cause of the Decline

➢ 1991: one researcher observed an ___________________________________________.

▪ Sea lions or seals are the normal prey of Orcas.

➢ Decline in usual prey led to ______________________________________.

➢ Single Orca could consume _____________________________________.

➢ Declines in ocean fish ___________________________ and __________________________ led to a _______________________________ for sea lions & seals, so their #’s _____________.

➢ This forced the orcas to enter into the coastal waters where they consumed _______________.

➢ Sea otters normally feed on ______________________. As sea otters decreased the urchins’ numbers _________________________.

➢ Urchins eat _____________, and the large numbers of urchins’ _________________________.

➢ The decline in the kelp forests has had an impact on many others species because of the _____________________________________________________________________.

▪ Other Species Affected

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