Development Through the Lifespan



Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 9

Physical and Cognitive

Development in

Middle Childhood

Body Growth

in Middle Childhood

Slow, regular pattern

Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9

Lower portion of body growing fastest

Bones lengthen

Muscles very flexible

All permanent teeth arrive

Common Health Problems

in Middle Childhood

Vision - Myopia

Hearing - Otitis media (middle ear infection)

Malnutrition

Obesity

Illnesses

Injuries

Causes of Obesity

in Middle Childhood

Overweight parents

Low SES

Parents’ feeding practices

Low physical activity

Television

Cultural food environment

Deaths from Injuries, North American Children, Ages 5–19

Motor Development

in Early Childhood

Gross Motor Skills Improvements:

Flexibility

Balance

Agility

Force

Fine Motor Skills Gains:

Writing

Drawing

Physical Play Development

in Middle Childhood

Games with Rules

Sports

Invented Games

Video Games

Adult-organized sports

Physical Education

Piaget’s Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage

Conservation

Decentration

Reversibility

Classification

Seriation

Transitive inference

Spatial Reasoning

Directions

Maps

Key Information Processing Improvements

Increase in information-processing capacity

Gains in cognitive inhibition

Both may be related to

brain development

Attention in Middle Childhood

Attention becomes more:

Selective

Adaptable

Planful

Development of

Memory Strategies

Rehearsal – early grade school

Organization – early grade school

Knowledge base helps organization

Elaboration – end of middle childhood

Meaningful chunks of information

Information Processing

and Academic Learning

Reading

Whole-language approach

Basic-skills approach

Mathematics

Drill

“Number sense”

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

of Intelligence

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Linguistic

Logico-mathematical

Musical

Spatial

Bodily-kinesthetic

Naturalist

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Explaining Differences in IQ

Genetics

Accounts for about half of differences

Environment

SES

Culture

Communication styles

Cultural bias in test content

Language Development in

Middle Childhood

Vocabulary

Increases fourfold during school years

20 new words a day

Grammar

Passive voice

Infinitive phrases

Pragmatics

Adjust to people and situations

Phrase requests to get what they want

Learning Two Languages

Bilingual Development

Learn both languages at the same time

Learn first language, then second

Sensitive period - childhood

Bilingual Education

Language immersion

Bilingual education

Academic Achievement and Class Size

Educational Philosophies

and Practices

Traditional v. Open Classrooms

New Directions

Theory

Reciprocal teaching

Teacher-student Interaction

Self-fulfilling prophesies

Grouping for learning

Teaching Children with

Special Needs

Learning Difficulties

Mainstreaming

Gifted

Talented

Divergent thinking and creativity

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