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Name: ________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ___________Chapter 22 – Crash and Depression (1929-1933)EQ’s: Section 1 – The Stock Market CrashWhat events led to the stock market’s Great Crash in 1929?Why did the Great Crash produce a ripple effect throughout the nation’s economy?What were the main causes of the Great Depression?Events leading to the CrashIn early 1928, the Dow Jones Industrial Average – ______________________________ of major industries, had climbed to 191. By Hoover’s Inauguration Day, it had risen 122 points to 313. By September 3rd, the DJIA reached an all time high of 381. However, the prices of stocks _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Being in the stock market became popular and was viewed as entertainment. In late October, 1929 stock prices began to fall. Investors who had bought General Electric stock at $400 a share sold it for $283 a share – a loss of $117 per share. On Monday, October 28, prices were falling again and investors raced to get their money OUT of the stock market. On October 29, 1929, _________________________, a record 16.4 million shares were sold, compared with the average ____ million sold on a daily basis. The collapse of the stock market in 1929 is known as the _______________________. By November 13, the DJIA had fallen from 381 in Sept., to 198.7. Overall loses totaled _________________________. The ripple effect of the Great Crash would be felt world wide. The result was the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history – the ______________________________________________________________________________. The Ripple EffectThe following list explains how the effects of the Crash spread to all Americans: _______________________: banks earn their profits from lending out their deposits – fractional banking system. Many loans were given to risky businesses and once stock prices fell, these businesses were unable to pay their loans. _________________________________: consumers had borrowed heavily in the 1920s and when banks wanted their money back to cover losses, consumers didn’t have that amount to cash to repay them. _______________________: Fearful that banks would run out of money, people with deposits (savings accounts) rush to withdraw their money. Again, the banks had to recall their loans to pay the depositors but because of low stock prices, the businesses and consumers didn’t have the money to pay them back. Banks couldn’t get the money back fast enough to repay the depositors. ______________________: The combination of unpaid loans and bank runs meant that many banks across America failed – they closed their doors when they couldn’t return their depositor’s money. ____________________________: Bank failures wiped out what savings people had. By 1933, the money from 9 million savings accounts had vanished. ___________________________: Businesses weren’t being loaned $ to produce goods because there was little to no deposits in banks. There was also little to gain from producing goods because people didn’t have the $ to buy. _____________________________: unemployment grew b/c businesses laid off working as production slowed and/or stopped all together. _____________________________: as unemployment grew, income shrank, consumers spent less, and businesses produced fewer goods – resulting in a slow economyUnderlying Causes of the Great DepressionAn unstable economy: The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base. The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed. Those who had the most tended to ______________________________________. Industry produced more goods than most consumers _____________________________________________________________.Overspeculation: Speculators bought stocks with ______________________________ and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks. The stock market boom was ___________________________________________________________.Government Policies: During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth. In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending. As a result, there was _____________________________________ to help the economy after the Great Crash.EQ’s: Section 2 – Social Effects of the Great DepressionHow did poverty spread during the Great Depression?What social problems were caused by poverty in the 1930s?How did some people struggle to survive hard times?Poverty SpreadsPeople of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.Unemployed laborers, unable to pay their rent, became homeless. Sometimes the homeless _____________________________________________________. These shanty town settlements came to be called _____________________________.Farm families suffered from low crop prices.As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region. This area, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about _______ % of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms.Poverty Strains Society ___________________: Some people starved and thousands went hungry. Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.Stresses on Families: Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments. __________________________ because they couldn’t provide for their families. Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.Discrimination Increases: Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Lynchings increased. Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.EQ’s: Section 3 – Surviving the Great DepressionIn what ways did Americans pull together to survive the Great Depression?What signs of change did Americans begin to notice in the early 1930s?Americans Pull TogetherThroughout the country, people pulled together to help one another.Neighbors in difficult circumstances helped those they saw as worse off than themselves.When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would _______________________________________. These sales became known as _____________________________.Some Americans called for radical ______________________________ change. They believed that a fairer distribution of wealth would help to end the hard times.Jokes and humor helped many people to fight everyday despair. Signs of ChangeProhibition Repealed: In February 1933, Congress passed the ________________________________________, which repealed the eighteenth amendment prohibiting the sale of alcohol.The Empire State Building: 2,500 to 4,000 people worked on the construction. The cost of construction was about $41 million. At that time, it was the world’s tallest building and had 102 stories and 67 elevators.The End of an Era: Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away. Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison. Calvin Coolidge died. ____________ retired. EQ’s: Section 4 – The Election of 1932How did President Hoover respond to the Great Depression?What did Roosevelt mean when he offered Americans a “New Deal”?Why was the election of 1932 a significant turning point for American politics?Hoover’s Limited StrategyHoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.To protect domestic industries, Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff, the ______________________________. European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.Hoover set up the _______________________________________________ (RFC), which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies. The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.Hoover did not support federal public assistance because he believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to ___________________________________________________________________________. A “New Deal” For AmericaFDR promised a “New Deal” for the American people.He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an _____________________________ and a relief agency.FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer. She worked for public housing legislation, state government reform, birth control, and better conditions for working women.When the Roosevelts campaigned for the presidency, they brought their ideas for political action with them.The Election of 1932 – Roosevelt Believed that government had a responsibility to ______________________________.Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.Helped many Americans reassess the importance of “making it on their own” without any help.Much of his support came from _______________________________________________ in need of federal relief.Roosevelt won _____ % of the popular vote and almost 89% of the electoral vote. The Election of 1932 - HooverBelieved that federal government should _____________________________________.Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the ______________________________________________________________.He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds. ................
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